22 January 2025 : Daily Current Affairs
1. What do draft data protection rules state?
(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 4)
| Topic: GS2 – Governance |
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Introduction to Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Draft Rules
- These rules were introduced 16 months after the DPDP Act was notified in August 2023.
- The government is seeking public feedback on these draft rules.
Concerns Over the Data Privacy Framework
- Critics argue that the DPDP Act, along with the draft rules, is insufficient to establish a comprehensive data privacy framework.
- Concerns include the need for further scrutiny and review of these rules by a parliamentary standing committee before final approval.
Data Localisation Mandate
- The draft rules propose a data localisation mandate that goes beyond what was initially intended by the DPDP Act.
- Data localisation refers to restrictions on transferring data outside the country’s borders.
- The rules suggest that a government-appointed committee will define which types of data cannot be exported.
- Significant data fiduciaries (SDFs), such as large tech companies, are likely to be affected by this rule.
- The main motivation for this provision is to help law enforcement access cross-border data for investigations more easily, as seen with the Reserve Bank of India’s 2018 mandate for payment data localisation.
- A two-year timeline is proposed for the industry to set up systems for compliance with data localisation requirements.
Challenges of Data Localisation
- Data localisation could pose operational challenges for both large tech companies and start-ups.
- Companies may face difficulties in segmenting and determining which data to store where, leading to higher operational costs and limitations on business operations.
- The process could be complex and costly for businesses to comply with, especially for international companies with vast data needs.
Executive Overreach and Government Powers
- Section 36 of the DPDP Act grants sweeping powers to the government to demand information from data fiduciaries or intermediaries in the name of national security, sovereignty, or integrity.
- These powers could be misused for surveillance or political control, with concerns about compromising privacy.
- Rule 22 also prevents companies from disclosing government demands for information if it could harm national security, raising fears of government overreach and lack of transparency.
Concerns Over Lack of Safeguards
- Critics argue that these provisions give the government excessive discretion without proper checks and balances.
- There are concerns that the government could access data without notifying individuals involved, undermining transparency and accountability.
- Some suggest that the government should adopt safeguards, similar to those in the Information Technology Act, 2000, to protect citizens’ privacy while ensuring the proper management of data requisition by authorities.
Conclusion
- The draft rules, although aimed at enhancing data protection, raise concerns about operational challenges, government overreach, and the absence of adequate privacy safeguards.
- The industry and legal experts recommend more scrutiny and proper checks before final implementation.
| Practice Question: Rather than fostering a comprehensive data privacy framework, the draft rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, introduce challenges. Analyze the implications of the data localisation mandate and executive powers granted under the Act. (250 Words /15 marks) |
2. Why are antivenoms not easily accessible in India?
(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 11)
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What Are Antivenoms?
- Antivenoms are life-saving medicines used to treat snakebites.
- They are made by injecting small amounts of venom into animals, usually horses, which produce antibodies that neutralize venom toxins.
How Snake Venom Affects the Body
- Snake venom contains haemotoxins, neurotoxins, and cytotoxins that damage blood cells, paralyze nerves, and dissolve tissue.
- Without medical intervention, venom can lead to death.
How Antivenoms Work
- Antivenoms work by binding to venom toxins and rendering them inactive.
- They are produced by injecting venom into horses, and the antibodies are extracted and purified.
Challenges in Accessing Antivenoms
- Despite India being the largest producer of antivenoms, many people in rural areas struggle to access timely treatment.
- Issues like poor storage conditions, high costs, and logistical problems worsen the situation.
Future of Antivenoms
- Future antivenoms may be synthetic, using AI and recombinant DNA technology for improved safety and effectiveness.
- Region-specific antivenoms could provide more precise treatments.
Conclusion
- India’s snakebite crisis requires improved access to timely medical care, better antivenom storage, and advanced research for more effective treatments.
- Continued innovation and infrastructure are essential for saving lives.
| Practice Question: India is considered the ‘snakebite capital’ of the world, with thousands of fatalities every year. Discuss the challenges in snakebite treatment in India and suggest measures to address this crisis. (150 Words /10 marks) |
3. ‘Need policy for affordable bioethanol’
(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 13)
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Introduction to Bioethanol and Challenges
- Bioethanol and renewable energy-based electrification can help India achieve carbon neutrality.
- However, the high running costs of bioethanol fuel due to lower fuel efficiency remain a significant barrier.
- The government must create mechanisms to make bioethanol more affordable for consumers.
Making Bioethanol Pricing Affordable
- Although bioethanol reduces carbon emissions, its higher cost of operation compared to conventional fuels is an issue.
- A key strategy to make bioethanol viable is through policy changes that ensure affordable pricing for users.
- The government should focus on reducing fuel costs to make it economically competitive with gasoline.
Improving Fuel Efficiency
- Vehicle manufacturers must work on improving fuel efficiency to lower the cost per kilometer of ethanol-powered vehicles.
- Maintaining or reducing the fuel cost per kilometer is essential for ethanol to remain competitive with gasoline.
Proposed Price Reductions
- A potential solution is to reduce the price of ethanol (E100) from ₹95 per liter to ₹65 per liter to lower vehicle running costs.
- Improving vehicle mileage is another way to reduce the overall cost of ethanol-based transportation.
Economic Benefits for Farmers
- Promoting ethanol fuel will have positive socio-economic impacts, particularly in rural India, where agriculture is a major livelihood.
- The use of bioethanol can support farmers and contribute to rural development.
Availability of Bioethanol
- Ethanol can be distributed through existing gasoline stations, ensuring its widespread availability.
- In comparison, infrastructure for other alternative fuels like CNG is still developing, which makes ethanol more accessible in the short term.
Environmental Benefits of Ethanol
- Bioethanol has an environmental advantage over other fuels by significantly reducing carbon emissions.
- Both flex-fuel vehicles and electric vehicles are necessary for achieving long-term carbon neutrality goals.
Conclusion
- To make bioethanol a sustainable and viable fuel option, India needs support from the government, manufacturers, and farmers.
- Affordable pricing and infrastructure improvements are critical for the success of ethanol in the Indian market.
| Practice Question: Bioethanol fuel has the potential to contribute significantly to India’s carbon neutrality goals. Discuss the challenges associated with its widespread adoption, and suggest measures to make it economically viable for users. (250 Words /15 marks) |
4. Trump’s Second Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement Signals a Major Setback for Global Climate Action
(Source – Indian Express, Section – Explained – Page No. – 17)
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Analysis of the news:
Trump’s Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Key Actions and Implications
- Trump revoked all US climate finance commitments, signaling a reversal of climate-friendly policies.
- His administration aims to boost domestic energy production, particularly in oil, gas, and coal, while reducing dependence on international energy supply chains, especially those tied to China.
Greater Impact of the Second Withdrawal
- Unlike the first withdrawal in 2017, which was delayed by procedural timelines, Trump’s second exit will be swift, becoming effective within a year.
- This decision, accompanied by rollbacks in energy and environmental regulations, threatens to dismantle US climate policy entirely.
- The US, being the world’s second-largest emitter, plays a critical role in global efforts to meet the Paris Agreement’s objectives.
- Its absence will significantly hinder progress, potentially adding billions of tonnes of emissions over the next four years.
Impact on Climate Finance
- Trump’s revocation of the US International Climate Finance Plan will reduce financial resources for global climate action.
- The US’s influence on private and international finance could lead to a broader funding shortfall for developing countries.
- This move is likely to weaken the financial mechanisms critical for supporting global mitigation and adaptation efforts, disproportionately affecting vulnerable nations.
Conventional Energy Push and Domestic Policies
- Trump’s administration has prioritized boosting oil, gas, and coal production, arguing that this will enhance energy security, reduce reliance on China, and create domestic jobs.
- While renewable energy remains part of the agenda, Trump has focused on imposing tariffs on Chinese equipment to encourage domestic manufacturing.
- This policy shift underscores his broader goal of prioritizing American interests over international commitments.
The Fallout for International Climate Action
- The US’s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement highlights Trump’s long-standing complaint that climate regulations unfairly burden the US while exempting countries like China.
- However, as the largest historical emitter, the US bears significant responsibility for climate mitigation.
- The failure to meet its 2030 emission reduction targets now seems inevitable, further weakening global climate goals.
Conclusion
- Trump’s second withdrawal from the Paris Agreement reflects a fundamental shift in US climate policy, with far-reaching consequences for global efforts to combat climate change.
- The rollback of domestic and international commitments risks derailing the progress made under previous administrations, underscoring the challenges of maintaining global unity in addressing climate change.
| Practice Question: Analyze the implications of Donald Trump’s second withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on global climate action. (150 Words /10 marks) |
5. Trump’s Withdrawal from WHO: Financial and Global Health Implications
(Source – Indian Express, Section – Cover Page- Page No. – 01)
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Analysis of the news:
Trump’s Withdrawal from the WHO: Reasons and Immediate Actions
- The reasons cited included the WHO’s mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic, its failure to adopt necessary reforms, and concerns over its independence from political influences.
- The order also halted US funding to the organization, recalled American personnel, and ended negotiations on the WHO’s pandemic treaty.
- This decision, although not unexpected, has raised concerns among health experts about the resulting loss of funding and expertise for the global health body.
Financial Implications for the WHO
- The US is a major contributor to the WHO, providing around 20% of its total funding.
- Trump’s withdrawal directly impacts the organization’s finances, particularly in terms of voluntary contributions, where the US remains the largest donor.
- In contrast, China’s contributions, both mandatory and voluntary, are considerably lower.
- Experts have warned that the loss of US funding could hinder the WHO’s ability to support global health initiatives, especially in developing countries.
- Other nations, such as Australia and Indonesia, have stepped in to fill some of the financial gap, but the overall impact on global health efforts remains significant.
WHO’s Reaction and Global Health Concerns
- The WHO expressed regret over the US’s decision, emphasizing its crucial role in global health, including addressing health security and protecting the population’s well-being worldwide.
- The organization pointed to the reforms it has undertaken in recent years, highlighting its commitment to transparency and cost-effectiveness.
- However, the withdrawal threatens the collaborative framework between the US and the WHO, particularly the partnership with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is vital for international health surveillance and response.
Impact on India and Global Health Programs
- India, which benefits from various health programs supported by the WHO, will also feel the effects of the US’s withdrawal.
- The WHO plays a significant role in India’s immunization programs, as well as efforts to combat diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV.
- A reduction in funding and the loss of US expertise may affect the WHO’s ability to provide vital health guidelines and support local health initiatives.
- Moreover, the absence of US contributions will likely strain the WHO’s capacity to assist India and other countries in tackling pressing health challenges.
Global South’s Role and the Path Forward
- The vacuum left by the US could be filled by China and countries from the global south, including India.
- Experts suggest that nations like India, South Africa, and others must step up to provide leadership and financial support for global health initiatives.
- India’s increasing role in global health, alongside its position as a voice of the global south, makes it crucial in guiding collective efforts to ensure continued progress in addressing global health challenges.
- Philanthropic organizations, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, may also play a larger role in bridging the funding gap left by the US.
Conclusion
- The US’s withdrawal from the WHO is a significant blow to global health initiatives, particularly in terms of funding and expertise.
- The decision will affect the WHO’s ability to operate effectively, especially in countries like India that rely on its programs.
- While the global south, led by nations like India, may need to step in to fill the void, the long-term impact on global health security remains a pressing concern.
- The WHO’s response and the international community’s efforts will determine how effectively the world can address future health crises.
| What is World Health Organisation, and its objectives? |
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| Practice Question: Evaluate the implications of the United States’ withdrawal from the World Health Organization under President Donald Trump. (150 Words /10 marks) |
6. Neutral Expert Upholds India’s Stand on Indus Waters Treaty Dispute Over Kishenganga and Ratle Projects
(Source – Indian Express, Section – Express Network- Page No. – 09)
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Analysis of the news:
What is Indus Water Treaty (IWT)?
- Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960, between India and Pakistan and was brokered by the World Bank.
- The treaty sets out a mechanism for cooperation and information exchange between the two sides on the use of the water of the Indus River and its five tributaries Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum, and Chenab.
Neutral Expert’s Decision
- The Neutral Expert validated India’s position that the seven questions referred to him fall under his jurisdiction per Paragraph 7 of Annexure F of the treaty.
- This aligns with India’s consistent claim that only the Neutral Expert has the competence to decide these issues.
- The decision marks the beginning of the merits phase, which will evaluate the specific technical differences and lead to a final decision.
India’s Stand
- India welcomed the Neutral Expert’s decision, emphasizing its commitment to the sanctity of the IWT and rejecting the parallel proceedings initiated by Pakistan in the PCA, which India deems “illegally constituted.”
- The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) reiterated India’s readiness to cooperate within the Neutral Expert process to resolve differences consistent with treaty provisions.
Pakistan’s Position and Actions
- Pakistan had initially sought the appointment of a Neutral Expert in 2015 but later unilaterally withdrew the request in 2016, opting instead for arbitration through the PCA.
- This shift, according to India, violated the graded dispute resolution mechanism stipulated in Article IX of the IWT.
Broader Context of Disputes
- India is constructing the Kishenganga hydroelectric project on the Kishenganga River (a tributary of Jhelum) and the Ratle hydroelectric project on the Chenab River.
- Pakistan has raised technical objections, citing potential violations of the IWT. In response, India has invoked Article XII (3) to initiate reviews and potential modifications to the treaty, reflecting its evolving water management priorities and the need to address procedural ambiguities.
Conclusion and Implications
- The Neutral Expert’s decision reinforces the treaty’s dispute resolution mechanism and validates India’s adherence to its provisions.
- Moving forward, the merits phase will be critical in resolving technical differences.
- The case highlights the enduring challenges in Indo-Pak relations concerning shared water resources under the IWT framework.
| PYQ: With reference to the Indus river system, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which joins the Indus directly. Among the following, which one is such a river that joins the Indus direct? (2021)(a) Chenab(b) Jhelum(c) Ravi(d) SutlejAns: (d) |
| Practice Question: Discuss the significance of the Neutral Expert’s decision on the Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects in the context of the Indus Waters Treaty. How does this decision impact Indo-Pak relations and the broader regional water-sharing framework? (150 Words /10 marks) |
7. India’s Renewable Energy sector is a leading global force
(Source – https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2094877®=3&lang=1 )
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India’s Renewable Energy Growth
- India’s renewable energy sector is emerging as a global leader.
- The government is aiming to exceed the 500 GW renewable energy target by 2030.
- Renewable energy must play a larger role in India’s energy mix, as demand is expected to double by 2032.
Panchamrit Commitment
- The government is committed to the Panchamrit initiative from COP26, which aims for a sustainable energy future.
- India’s green hydrogen initiative and ₹32 lakh crore worth of investments in the renewable energy sector demonstrate the country’s long-term vision for a clean and energy-secure future.
- Rajasthan was allocated an additional 5,000 MW under the PM Kusum Scheme in January 2025.
- Incentive amounts were distributed to various Discoms (distribution companies) for promoting rooftop solar projects.
Milestones in Renewable Energy
- India has already surpassed 200 GW in renewable energy capacity, with solar energy leading at 97 GW, followed by wind at 48 GW, and hydroelectric at 52 GW.
- The country is focused on achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 and 1,800 GW by 2047.
State Specific Goals
- Jammu & Kashmir is focusing on solar, small hydroelectric, and wind energy.
- Himachal Pradesh aims for 100% non-fossil fuel energy by 2026 and has already established a green hydrogen plant.
- Rajasthan has made significant strides in solar, wind, and battery energy storage systems (BESS), with 5000 MW being implemented under the PM KUSUM scheme.
- Haryana is also making substantial progress in renewable energy infrastructure.
Conclusion
- India is poised to lead the global renewable energy transition, ensuring a sustainable and energy-secure future for all.
| PYQ: Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2022) |
| Practice Question: Discuss India’s renewable energy goals and the challenges faced by regional states in achieving these targets. How can state-level collaborations contribute to India’s energy transition? (150 Words /10 marks) |
8. Space economy has grown to $8 billion and is projected to touch $44 billion in the next decade- Dr. Jitendra Singh
(Source – https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2094838®=3&lang=1 )
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India’s Transformation in the Space Sector
- India’s space sector has seen significant growth, with the space economy expanding from $8 billion to an expected $44 billion in the next decade.
- Key milestones include the indigenous Gaganyaan Mission, Chandrayaan-4 (2027), Shukrayaan (2028), and the Indian Space Station (2030), showcasing India’s growing space capabilities.
- The sector has also been boosted by private investments and startups, fueling technological advancements like the SPADEX mission and Vyom Mitra robo mission, which are stepping stones for human space exploration.
Biomanufacturing and Bioeconomy Growth
- India is positioning itself as a leader in biomanufacturing, backed by resources from the Himalayas to the coast.
- The country has become one of the first to adopt a dedicated bio-economy policy and is focusing on innovation in recycling, manufacturing, and startups.
- The BIO-E3 policy is a key part of India’s strategy to lead in the bio-economy sector.
Citizen-Centric Governance and Digital Innovations
- The government has focused on citizen-centric governance through initiatives like Mission Karmayogi, which enhances bureaucracy through role-based capacity building.
- Digital innovations like the face-recognition-enabled digital life certificate have made citizens’ lives easier.
India’s Commitment to Climate Action
- India continues to lead in combating climate change through initiatives like Mission LiFE, which promotes sustainable living.
- The country has also made strides in preventive healthcare and meets global standards in addressing health and environmental concerns.
Conclusion
- India is positioning itself as a global leader in space, biomanufacturing, governance, and climate action.
- Ongoing reforms, innovation, and public-private collaborations will drive future growth and sustainability.
Prelims Facts
1. Trump declares end to U.S. citizenship by birth
(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 1)
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More on the news:
- A coalition of 18 Democratic-led States filed a lawsuit claiming that ending birthright citizenship violates the U.S. Constitution.
- Further, President Trump announced plans to impose 100% tariffs on BRICS countries transitioning to “non-dollar” transactions.
- The U.S. government’s crackdown on undocumented immigrants could affect 7.25 lakh Indians, with 18,000 already on a deportation list.
- Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar planned discussions with U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio on immigration, tariffs, bilateral ties, and Quad priorities.
| What is birthright citizenship in the US? |
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2. IITM Pune Develops Dengue Early Warning System to Predict Dengue Outbreaks
(Source – Indian Express, Section – The second page- Page No. – 02)
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Analysis of the news:
Key Features of the System
- Climate-Based Predictors:
The system integrates observed climatic variables—temperature, rainfall, and humidity—and analyzes their interactions with dengue transmission at a regional level. - Advance Warning Capability:
The model can predict potential outbreaks with a lead time of over two months, providing a crucial window for health authorities to implement preventive actions.
Research Highlights
- The study, published in Scientific Reports, emphasizes the intricate connections between climate factors and dengue transmission in India.
- Pune, identified as a dengue hotspot, served as a focal region for the research.
The collaborative effort included institutions such as the University of Maryland, University of Pune, and University of Nottingham, along with the Maharashtra and Pune health departments.
Significance of the Study
- Proactive Outbreak Management:
The system offers actionable insights to health authorities, enabling targeted interventions such as vector control and public awareness campaigns. - Understanding Climate-Dengue Links:
By exploring the relationship between monsoon dynamics and dengue, the study highlights the role of changing climatic patterns in influencing disease prevalence.
For more such UPSC related Current Affairs, Check Out- 21 January 2025 : Daily Current Affairs
