Author: 99notes

Persian and Greek Invasion of India In the 6th century BCE, India’s northwest was a site of conflict between various principalities. Kambojas, Gandharas and Madras fought with each other. Since there was an absence of a powerful overarching kingdom, the principalities of the northwest could not be organized into one kingdom. This area was also…

Later Vedic Period The later Vedic period or post Vedic age extended roughly from 1000 B.C. to 600 B.C., during which some Vedic tribes had migrated from the ‘Sapta Sindhu’ region to the upper Ganga Valley and other adjacent areas. The history of the later Vedic period is based primarily on Vedic texts, which were…

Vedic Period [1500 BCE-500 BCE] The Vedic Period started with the advent of the Aryans in around 1500 BCE, which coincided with the Late Harappan period (associated with the decline of the Indus valley civilization). Aryans spoke Sanskrit, which is considered the origin of most of the current languages of the Indian subcontinent and is…

What is Chalcolithic age? Chalcolithic is made from two Greek words, khalkos and lithos, meaning copper and stone, respectively. It is a time period dates from 6,500 years ago to around 3000 years ago. This marks the beginning of the use of metalwork technology. For the first time, people started using metals along with stone…

The Stone age refers to the prehistoric period during which stone tools were the most prevalent form of articles used by early man. The use of stone tools started about 2.5 million years ago with the arrival of the early humans (‘Homo Habilis’ and Australopithecus). They were one of the earliest bipedal primates and used…

What is History? The word history is derived from the ancient Greek word ‘Historia’, which translates into “an inquiry”. Thus the knowledge acquired by the investigation of the events of the past is history. In simple terms, it is the enquiry of the ‘human past’. Types of History History is divided mainly into 6 types:…

Town Planning Harappan civilisation features very impressive and very well-planned structures of the towns. (Source 12th NCERT: Themes in World History) A typical house in Mohenjodaro (Source 12th NCERT: Themes in World History) Society Various discoveries from the sites throw light on the social structure of the Harappan society – Religion Source: https://www.harappa.com/blog/unicorn-and-pipal-tree-seal#:~:text=A%20seal%20from%20Mohenjo%2Ddaro,the%20so%2Dcalled%20unicorn.%22 Arts Seals…

Overview The Sixteen Mahajanapadas We find them mentioned in the Buddhist and later Vedic texts. These Mahajanapadas were a conglomerate of thousands of villages and a few towns. They extended from North Western Pakistan to Bengal and from the sub-montane regions of the Himalayas to the Godavari. The Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya of the Sutta–Pitaka…

Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization, also known as Harappan civilization was the first urban culture in the Indian subcontinent. It was a bronze age culture that flourished in North-western Indian subcontinent. It was earlier known as the Indus valley civilization as most sites discovered were near the Indus valley river system. However, as the…

Around 1900BCE, cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan experienced a gradual decline. This era is referred to as the Late Harappan period and is divided into two phases – a Transitional Phase(1900-1700BCE) and a Cemetary H phase (1700-1300BCE). Characteristics of its decline Urban planning and construction – In the later phase, we see the shoddy…