Study brings Indian star tortoise to evidence-based conservation
(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 7)
| Topic: GS3 – Environment – Important species |
| Context |
| ● The Indian star tortoise, a protected species, is increasingly threatened by illegal wildlife trade and unethical pet ownership.
● Despite legal protections, the species faces significant conservation challenges, including improper release practices. ● Recent research highlights the need for more targeted conservation efforts based on genetic diversity. |
| Indian Star Tortoise |
| Appearance
● The Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) is known for its striking obsidian shell adorned with sun-yellow star patterns. ● The shell itself is quite domed and can grow up to 10 inches long. ● They have strong, sturdy legs to help them navigate their dry, scrubland habitats. ● Their coloration helps them blend in with their surroundings, providing camouflage from predators. ● It is a herbivore and popular as an exotic pet, though it is illegal and unethical to own one in India, as the species is vulnerable in the wild. Habitat and Global Presence ● Endemic to northwest India, South India, and Sri Lanka, the species has been found in countries as distant as Canada and the U.S. ● Increasing demand as pets has led to its involvement in one of the largest global wildlife trafficking networks. Legal Protection ● The Indian star tortoise is listed in Appendix I of CITES and in Schedule I of India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, ensuring the highest legal protection. ● Despite this, hundreds of tortoises have been seized at airports and borders, highlighting the persistent trafficking problem. |
Concerns Over Unscientific Release
- The unscientific release of confiscated tortoises is a concern, as it could worsen their fate.
- The focus is now on finding alternative methods of releasing and conserving them.
- A study was conducted to understand the diversity and natural distribution of the tortoises through genomic sequencing of samples from various locations.
Genetic Differentiation of Tortoise Groups
- The study identified two genetically distinct groups of Indian star tortoises: one from the northwestern region and the other from the southern region of India.
- The genetic divergences correspond to differences in physical features, which can guide the strategies for conserving and releasing rescued tortoises.
Evolutionary History
- Millions of years ago, the Indian star tortoise group spread across the subcontinent after it separated from Gondwana.
- This led to the splitting of the species into northern and southern groups about 2 million years ago.
Findings and Conservation Implications
- The study revealed that the northwestern group remains genetically stable, while the southern group has higher genetic diversity.
- The findings confirm the presence of two distinct evolutionary significant units (ESUs), which are important for conservation efforts.
- It is essential to avoid mixing these populations during releases, as it could reduce genetic diversity and affect breeding success.
Conclusion
- The study’s findings provide vital information for both national and international conservation efforts, helping to ensure a scientifically sound approach to the conservation of the Indian star tortoise.
| Practice Question: Discuss the conservation challenges faced by the Indian star tortoise, focusing on the implications of illegal wildlife trade, unscientific releases. Highlight the importance of genetic research in formulating conservation strategies. (150 Words /10 marks) |
