15 April 2024 : Daily Current Affairs

Understanding India’s diplomatic stance in the Gulf crisis is crucial for aspirants, reflecting its balancing act in international relations.

● Security of Indian nationals: With Indian citizens residing in both countries and across the Gulf region, their safety becomes a primary concern.

●  Economic implications: Any disruption in the Gulf region, a major oil supplier, could impact India’s energy security and economy.

●  Regional stability: Instability in the Gulf can have spillover effects on neighbouring regions, including South Asia, impacting India’s security.

● Global ramifications: Escalation between Iran and Israel may draw international attention, influencing global politics and trade dynamics, which India closely monitors.

● Diplomatic efforts: India may engage in diplomatic initiatives to mediate tensions, leveraging its position as a non-aligned nation with ties to both parties.

●  Balancing act: India’s response requires delicate balancing to safeguard its interests while maintaining neutrality and promoting peace in the region.

(a) Iran
(c) Oman
(b) Saudi Arabia
(d) Kuwait

Ans: (a)

(UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2016)

Understanding the Hubble tension is crucial for refining cosmological models and advancing our comprehension of the universe’s evolution.

●  Inflationary Cosmology: Alan Guth proposed the inflationary model in the 1980s to explain the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This theory suggests that the universe underwent a rapid exponential expansion shortly after the Big Bang, smoothing out irregularities and leading to the observed large-scale homogeneity and isotropy.

●  Dark Energy: Proposed to explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe, dark energy remains a theoretical construct with profound implications. It suggests that a mysterious energy permeates space, exerting a repulsive force that drives galaxies away from each other. This theory, though not yet fully understood, is supported by observations such as distant supernovae and the cosmic microwave background.

●Cosmological Constant: Initially introduced by Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity, the cosmological constant represents a repulsive force acting throughout the universe, counteracting gravity and causing cosmic expansion. While Einstein later discarded this constant, it has experienced a resurgence in relevance with the discovery of dark energy, serving as a possible explanation for the observed acceleration.

●  Multiverse Theories: Various theories propose the existence of multiple universes, each with its own set of physical laws and properties. These theories, including string theory and the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, suggest that our universe is just one among countless others, some of which may be expanding while others contract or remain static.

●  Steady State Theory: Proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi, the Steady State Theory suggests that the universe has no beginning or end and has always existed in a state of continuous expansion, with new matter continuously being created to maintain a constant density.

●  Brane Theory: Based on string theory, Brane Theory suggests that our universe is confined to a three-dimensional brane within a higher-dimensional space, with the Big Bang resulting from a collision between branes.

●Cyclic Universe Theory: Proposed by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok, the Cyclic Universe Theory posits that the Big Bang was not a unique event but rather one in a series of cyclic expansions and contractions, with each cycle beginning with a new Big Bang.

1.     Detection of microwaves in space

2.     Observation of redshift phenomenon in space

3.     Movement of asteroids in space

4.     Occurrence of supernova explosions in space

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) None of the above can be cited as evidence

Ans: (a)

(UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2012)

Understanding cryogenics is vital for UPSC aspirants due to its applications in space technology, materials science, and medical diagnostics.

● Space Exploration: Cryogenic technology is crucial for space exploration, particularly for launching and propelling spacecraft. Cryogenic fuels like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen provide high energy density, enabling efficient propulsion systems for rockets.

● Medical Applications: Cryogenic technology is utilised in medical fields for preserving biological samples, such as sperm, eggs, embryos, and tissues, at extremely low temperatures. This ensures their viability for future use in treatments and research.

● Superconductivity: Cryogenic temperatures are necessary to achieve superconductivity, where materials exhibit zero electrical resistance. Superconductors find applications in various fields, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, particle accelerators, and power transmission lines.

● Food Preservation: Cryogenic freezing is employed in the food industry to preserve perishable items like fruits, vegetables, meats, and seafood. Rapid freezing at ultra-low temperatures helps maintain the quality, texture, and nutritional value of food products over extended periods.

● Environmental Research: Cryogenic technology facilitates the study of environmental phenomena, such as climate change and atmospheric composition. Instruments like cryogenic coolers and detectors are used in environmental monitoring devices and satellites for collecting data on Earth’s atmosphere.

●Material Science: Cryogenic temperatures are utilised in material science research to investigate the properties and behaviour of materials at extreme conditions. This includes studying phase transitions, magnetic properties, and the behaviour of materials in space-like environments.

●  Energy Storage: Cryogenic energy storage systems, such as liquid air energy storage (LAES), offer potential solutions for storing renewable energy generated from sources like wind and solar power. These systems use cryogenic fluids to store and release energy efficiently.

Challenges:

●  Technological Complexity: Cryogenic systems require advanced engineering and materials capable of withstanding extremely low temperatures, posing challenges in design and construction.

● Cost: Cryogenic technology often involves expensive equipment and infrastructure, including specialised materials and insulation, which can drive up the overall cost of implementation.

●  Safety Concerns: Handling cryogenic fluids presents safety hazards due to their extremely low temperatures and potential for rapid expansion. Accidental leaks or spills can result in frostbite, asphyxiation, or explosions.

●  Energy Consumption: Cryogenic systems require significant energy inputs to maintain ultra-low temperatures, leading to high operational costs and environmental concerns regarding energy consumption.

● Transportation and Storage: Cryogenic fluids like liquid hydrogen and oxygen require specialized transportation and storage facilities, which may not be readily available in all locations.

● Material Compatibility: Many materials used in cryogenic systems exhibit different properties at low temperatures, requiring careful selection to prevent issues like embrittlement or degradation over time.

● Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with regulations and standards governing the handling, storage, and transportation of cryogenic fluids adds complexity and administrative burden to implementing cryogenic technology.

Understanding doxxing is crucial for UPSC aspirants to grasp contemporary cyber threats and measures to protect individual privacy rights.

Q. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?

1.     Service providers

2.     Data centres

3.     Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: Option (d)

(UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2017)

Q. The terms ‘WannaCry, Petya and EternalBlue’ sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to:

(a) Exoplanets
(b) Cryptocurrency
(c) Cyber attacks
(d) Mini satellites

Ans: Option C

(UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2018)

Q. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?

1.     Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer

2.     Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so

3.     Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion

4.     Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: Option (b)

(UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2020)

Mains: What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2022)

This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains in the context of understanding the evolving approach towards the Middle East.

• India’s foreign policy in the Middle East is changing. It’s no longer about just fighting terrorism or siding with one religion.
• Now, India has to deal with complex rivalries between countries and focus on its own growing economic and political interests in the region.
• This is a big shift, and it shows India is becoming a more important player in the Middle East.

West Asia is of significance for India due to its location as well as its role in global geopolitics. Some of the major points of interest for India in West Asia are:

Energy security:

• India imports a significant portion of its energy needs from West Asia, particularly oil and natural gas.
• Example: Saudi Arabia and Iraq are major suppliers of oil to India.
• Economic significance:
• West Asia is a vital trading partner for India. Indian companies have invested heavily in the region, particularly in the infrastructure, construction, and technology sectors.
• Diaspora:
• There is a significant Indian diaspora in West Asia, particularly in the Gulf countries, which plays a vital role in the region’s economic and cultural fabric.
• India has a diaspora of around 3.5 million in the United Arab Emirates and 2.5 million in Saudi Arabia.
• Cultural ties:
• India has a long history of cultural exchange with West Asian countries.
• India has also established cultural centres in several countries in the region.
• Countering radicalisation:
• Close cooperation with West Asian countries can serve as a counter to radicalisation.
• Gateway to Central Asia:
• West Asia has the potential to serve as the gateway to landlocked Central Asia.
• Example: Chabahar port development by India in Iran

(a) China

(b) Israel

(e) Iraq

(d) Yemen

This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains as the analysis delves into astronomical phenomena, specifically the formation and characteristics of stars within a nebula.

• The Dragon’s Egg nebula, a remarkable cloud of gas and dust, has long puzzled astronomers due to the presence of two massive stars within it.
• Typically, such massive stars aren’t associated with nebulae, and the presence of one star with a magnetic field while its companion lacks it adds to the mystery.
• However, recent research sheds light on this enigma.

• Stars maintain their presence over billions of years through a delicate balance between two opposing forces: nuclear fusion and gravity.
• For example, despite Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation suggesting the Sun’s gravitational collapse, nuclear fusion at its core acts as a vital stabilising force.
• Nuclear Fusion involves the merging of nuclei of light elements like hydrogen and helium, releasing substantial heat energy.
• This energy, in turn, creates internal pressure, counteracting the gravitational force, thus maintaining equilibrium.
• Therefore, Stars like the Sun sustain this balance between outward fusion energy and inward gravitational pull, ensuring their enduring presence over billions of years.

(a) Observation and understanding of the Universe

(b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

(c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth

(d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth

Ans: (a)

This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains in the context of understanding the historical context and current developments in the Iran-Israel relationship.

• Iran’s recent attacks on Israel, purportedly in response to Israeli airstrikes targeting an Iranian consulate in Syria, have intensified tensions in the region.
• The commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Hossein Salami, stated that the operation was limited in scale, specifically targeting capabilities used by Israel in the attack on the Iranian consulate, which resulted in the deaths of senior Iranian military commanders.

These relationships range from deeply antagonistic to cautiously cooperative, influencing regional security, politics, and economic interactions.

Saudi Arabia

• Iran and Saudi Arabia have been regional rivals for decades, with their competition often described as a proxy war between the predominantly Shia Iran and Sunni-majority Saudi Arabia. The rivalry is deeply rooted in ideological, religious, and geopolitical differences, influencing conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere.
• ·      Relations have been particularly tense due to accusations of Iran supporting Shia militias throughout the Arab world and Saudi Arabia’s support of Sunni counterparts.
• ·      However, recent efforts, notably since 2021, show a potential thawing, with both nations engaging in diplomatic talks to reduce tensions.
• Iraq
• Iran has a significant influence in Iraq, especially following the U.S. invasion in 2003.
• Iran supports several Shia militias and political parties in Iraq, leveraging historical, religious, and cultural ties.
• The relationship is sometimes strained by internal Iraqi politics and the challenge of balancing U.S. and Iranian interests, but Iran remains a crucial player in Iraqi affairs.
• Syria
• Iran is a staunch ally of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria.
• It has provided substantial military support, including advisers, ground troops, and economic aid, to help Assad maintain power during the Syrian civil war.
• This involvement is motivated by strategic interests, including maintaining a corridor of influence from Iran to the Mediterranean and supporting Hezbollah in Lebanon.
• Lebanon
• In Lebanon, Iran’s main proxy is Hezbollah, a Shia Islamist political party and militant group.
• Iran’s support for Hezbollah includes financial, political, and military backing.
• This relationship has entrenched Iran’s influence in Lebanese politics and has been a major point of contention with Israel and Sunni Arab states.
• Yemen
• Iran is alleged to support the Houthi rebels in Yemen, though the extent of this support is a subject of international debate. The conflict is often seen as another arena of the Saudi-Iran proxy conflict.
• Some view Iran’s involvement as part of its broader strategy to expand its influence across the region, particularly at the expense of Saudi Arabia.
• Turkey
• Relations with Turkey are complex, given that both countries have significant regional ambitions. However, their economic ties are strong, with significant trade, especially in natural gas and oil.
• Politically, they have had differences, particularly over the conflict in Syria and the issue of Kurdish independence. Yet, they often find common ground on issues like opposition to Kurdish independence and managing the flow of refugees.
• United Arab Emirates
• Relations with the UAE have been historically strained due to territorial disputes and Iran’s broader regional policies. However, economic ties have remained robust, with Dubai serving as an important hub for Iranian business.
• Recent years have seen a slight improvement in diplomatic relations, particularly as part of broader regional dialogues.
• Qatar
• Iran has relatively good relations with Qatar, especially following the blockade by Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt in 2017.
• Qatar shares a massive natural gas field with Iran and has coordinated with Tehran on exploitation strategies.

(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.

(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.

(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.

(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.

Ans: (c)