9 April 2024 : Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs

9-April -2024- Top News of the Day

1. Supreme Court Urges Centre and States to Avoid Contest Over Fund Disbursement Disputes

Topic: GS2 – Polity – Functions & responsibilities of the Union & the States, Federal structure, This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains in the context of understanding the dynamics of federal governance, including the distribution of powers and the resolution of disputes between the Union and states.

 

Context:

The Supreme Court’s intervention in disputes between the Centre and state governments over fund disbursement highlights the complexities of federal governance in India. The recent hearing involving the Karnataka government’s plea for financial assistance underscores the growing trend of states resorting to judicial recourse in matters of inter-governmental conflict.

More about the news:

The Court’s Call for Restraint:

• During the hearing, the Supreme Court, represented by Justices B R Gavai and Sandeep Mehta, urged both the Centre and state governments to refrain from turning disputes into contests.
• This appeal reflects the Court’s concern over the increasing frequency of such disputes being brought before it.

Dispute over Drought Relief Funds:

• The case in question involved the Karnataka government accusing the Centre of failing to release financial assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for drought management.
• The state, represented by Senior Advocate Kapil Sibal, argued that the Centre had not acted within the mandated timeframe to provide assistance, leading Karnataka to approach the Court.

Centre’s Response and Allegations:

• In response, Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, representing the Centre, questioned the timing of Karnataka’s plea, implying political motives due to the proximity to the Lok Sabha elections.
• He suggested that the matter could have been resolved through direct communication between the state and the Centre.

Growing Trend of State Appeals:

• The Supreme Court observed a pattern of various state governments approaching it seeking relief against the Centre in matters related to fund disbursement.
• This observation underscores the broader issue of inter-governmental conflicts becoming increasingly common and contentious.

Broader Implications:

• The Karnataka case is not an isolated incident, as other states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have also approached the Court with similar grievances against the Centre.
• These disputes raise significant constitutional questions regarding the balance of power between the Union and state governments, highlighting the need for judicial clarity on such matters.

Conclusion:

• The Supreme Court’s involvement in disputes between the Centre and state governments underscores the challenges of federal governance in India.
• As conflicts over fund disbursement persist, the Court’s role in adjudicating these disputes becomes increasingly crucial in upholding the principles of cooperative federalism and ensuring effective governance.

What is the significance of Indian federalism?

Indian federalism is significant for several reasons: Accommodation of diversity: Federalism in India allows for the accommodation of diversity by giving autonomy to states to govern their own affairs and address their unique needs and concerns. Effective governance: A robust federal structure needs to be in place to deliver effective governance and to ensure that the diverse needs and interests of the states are represented in the decision-making process. Promotion of democracy: Federalism promotes democracy by ensuring that power is decentralized and shared between different levels of government. This allows for greater participation and representation of citizens in the decision-making process. Protection of rights: Federalism allows for more robust protection of individual and minority rights as state governments are better able to address the specific needs and concerns of their diverse populations and can tailor policies and legislation accordingly.

 

PYQ: Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss. (200 words/12.5m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2014)

Practice Question:  Discuss the significance of the Supreme Court’s intervention in disputes between the Centre and state governments, with a focus on the recent case regarding fund disbursement for drought management in Karnataka. (250 words/15 m)

2. RBI Governor Raises Alarm Over Unauthorised Forex Trading Platforms, Urges Enhanced Vigilance

Topic: GS2 – Governance – Government policies – Interventions for development in various sectors This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains as the article provides insights into the regulatory framework governing forex trading platforms and the risks associated with unauthorised activities.

 

Context:

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta Das, speaking at the FIMMDA (The Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India)-PDAI (Primary Dealers Association of India) annual conference in Barcelona, expressed apprehension regarding the proliferation of unauthorised forex trading platforms and urged banks to maintain vigilance against such illegal activities. Despite previous cautionary measures by the regulator, there are ongoing reports of banking channels being exploited for funding activities on these unauthorised platforms, necessitating heightened surveillance by financial institutions.

More about the news:

Regulatory Framework and Cautionary Measures:

• In response to the emergence of unauthorised electronic trading platforms (ETPs) for financial market instruments, the RBI introduced a framework for the authorisation of ETPs in 2018.
• However, despite regulatory efforts, misleading advertisements promoting unauthorised ETPs offering forex trading facilities have continued to surface, targeting Indian residents through various digital platforms including social media, search engines, and gaming apps.
• These unauthorised platforms often employ deceptive tactics to lure unsuspecting individuals with promises of lucrative returns, leading to financial losses and fraudulent schemes.

Caution to the Public and Alert List:

• The RBI has repeatedly cautioned the public against engaging in forex transactions on unauthorised ETPs and has advised against remitting or depositing money for such unauthorised transactions.
• Furthermore, the central bank maintains an alert list of unauthorised forex trading platforms, regularly updating it to include entities, platforms, and websites found to be operating illegally.
• The recent addition of 19 entities to the alert list underscores the ongoing challenges posed by unauthorised forex trading activities.

Transparency and Market Participation:

• Governor Shaktikanta Das highlighted the need for greater transparency in pricing within the forex market, particularly concerning the disparity between pricing for retail customers and larger institutional clients.
• He emphasized the importance of facilitating the use of forex retail platforms to ensure fair access to all market participants.
• Additionally, Das stressed the importance of enhancing and broadening the participation of Indian players in both domestic and offshore markets for rupee derivatives while advocating for prudent market practices.

Challenges and Opportunities in Derivatives Markets:

• Das acknowledged the liquidity constraints in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets, particularly in interest rate derivatives, which hinder efficient hedging strategies for the broader economy.
• He also noted the underdeveloped market for credit derivatives, essential for lower-rated corporate bonds, despite the recent introduction of revised guidelines.
• While there have been initial transactions in credit default swaps (CDS), Das highlighted the need for greater adoption of the new regulatory framework by domestic market participants to fully exploit emerging opportunities.
• Additionally, he urged banks to implement appropriate safeguards to address the evolving challenges posed by new financial products, participants, and markets.

PYQ: With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2021) 1) Retail investors through demat account can invest in ‘Treasury Bills’ and ‘Government of India Debt Bonds’ in primary market. 2) The ‘Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching’ is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India. 3) The ‘Central Depository Services Ltd.’ is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only Ans: (b)

Practice Question:  Discuss the regulatory challenges posed by unauthorised forex trading platforms in India and examine the measures taken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to address these challenges. (150 words/10 m)

3. US-China Trade Tensions Escalate Over Electric Cars and Green Technologies

Topic: GS2 – International Relations – Effect of policies and politics of developed countries on India’s interests This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains in the context of understanding the dynamics of trade disputes between major global powers like the US and China.

 

Context:

The burgeoning production of electric cars and other green technologies in China has emerged as a focal point in a new trade dispute between the United States and China. This tension was underscored by Janet Yellen, the US Treasury Secretary, during her recent visit to China and echoed by former President Donald Trump on the campaign trail. China’s rapid expansion of cheap electric vehicles, solar panels, and batteries coincides with the Biden administration’s efforts to support similar industries in the US.

More about the news:

Concerns and Implications:

• There are growing concerns not only in the US but also in Europe and Mexico that China’s surge in production may lead to an influx of exports that could undermine factories overseas.
• The Alliance for American Manufacturing highlighted China’s threat to the US auto industry, particularly through leading automaker BYD’s introduction of an electric SUV at a remarkably low price.
• Trump, during a rally, warned of potential Chinese car exports to the US through Mexico, proposing new tariffs to counteract such imports.

Exploring the Trade Fight:

1. The Threat Posed by China

• China’s substantial investment in its car industry and dominance in global electric vehicle sales raise concerns about overproduction and the potential for increased exports. This overcapacity extends to other industries like solar panels and batteries, where China is also a major producer.

2. Comparison with Previous Trade Disputes

• The current trade tensions mirror past conflicts, with American officials expressing apprehensions similar to those seen in previous disputes over issues like steel and aluminum imports.

3. US Subsidies in Green Industries

• The Biden administration has supported clean energy and semiconductor producers through legislative measures, mirroring China’s subsidies for its industries.

4. Future Outlook

• While both sides have agreed to hold discussions, China has yet to commit to addressing American concerns. Beijing argues that its green products contribute to global efforts against climate change, but it also acknowledges challenges related to manufacturing overcapacity and weak consumer spending.

Conclusion:

• The trade dispute between the US and China over the production of electric cars and green technologies underscores broader tensions in global trade dynamics.
• As both countries navigate economic challenges and pursue industrial growth, the resolution of these disputes will likely shape the future trajectory of international trade relations.

What and Why of Trade War

Trade protectionism is a subset of trade war. It is a dispute involving the application of trade tariffs on each other’s goods between two or more countries. When a country imposes taxes or quotas on imports and other nations respond with comparable trade protectionism, it typically starts a trade war. A trade war decreases global trade as it intensifies. When a country tries to defend a domestic industry and generate employment, a trade war begins. It might work in the near term. However, over time, a trade war hurts all of the participating countries’ economies by eliminating employment and slowing demand for commodities as they rise in price. Tariffs that raise the cost of imports also cause inflation.

 

PYQ: What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2018)

Practice Question:  Discuss the trade tensions between the United States and China arising from China’s burgeoning production of electric cars and green technologies. Evaluate the impact of government policies on these industries and their implications for global trade dynamics. (250 words/15 m)

4. Households’ debt surged to new high by Dec. 2023.

Topic: GS2 – Indian Economy. UPSC may explore implications of rising household debt on economic stability, consumption patterns, and financial inclusion policies.

Context

●       The news highlights India’s household debt reaching a record high of 40% of GDP by December 2023, with net financial savings dropping to about 5%.

 
Additional information on this news:

• India’s household debt levels hit a record high of 40% of GDP by December 2023, while net financial savings dropped to about 5% of GDP, as per a report by Motilal Oswal.
• In 2022-23, household net financial savings plummeted to 5.1% of GDP, the lowest in 47 years, triggering criticism, refuted by the Finance Ministry as confidence in future prospects due to increased real asset acquisitions.
• Revised estimates for 2022-23 showed a slight increase in net financial savings to 5.3% of GDP but still the lowest in 47 years, with household debt reaching 38% of GDP, the second-highest since 2020-21.
• Unsecured personal loans witnessed the fastest growth within household debt, followed by secured debt, agricultural loans, and business loans.
• Weak income growth, robust consumption, and physical savings growth contributed to the low net financial savings.
• Analysts predict household net financial savings to remain around 5% of GDP in 2023-24, with gross financial savings increasing slightly but offset by rising financial liabilities.
• Households’ annual borrowings surged to 5.8% of GDP in 2022-23, the second-highest post-Independence.

Implications of increasing household debt:

What is household debt? ●     Household debt refers to the total amount of money owed by individuals or families to creditors, typically including mortgages, credit card debt, auto loans, student loans, and personal loans. ●     It is an important indicator of consumer financial health and economic stability, reflecting the extent to which households rely on borrowing to finance consumption and investments.  Implications of increasing household debt: ●     Economic Vulnerability: High household debt levels, reaching 40% of GDP, indicate potential economic vulnerability, especially during times of economic stress or financial market instability. ●     Consumption Patterns: Elevated debt-to-income ratios could lead to reduced consumer spending as households prioritize debt repayment over discretionary expenses, impacting overall economic growth. ●     Monetary Policy Challenges: Increased debt burdens may limit the effectiveness of monetary policy measures, such as interest rate adjustments, in stimulating economic activity, posing challenges for central bank management. ●     Investment Constraints: Rising debt levels may constrain households’ ability to invest in long-term assets like education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship, hampering human capital development and productivity growth. ●     Financial Inclusion Implications: Higher debt burdens could exacerbate financial exclusion, as vulnerable households struggle to access credit or financial services, widening socio-economic disparities. ●     Policy Response: Policymakers may need to implement targeted measures to mitigate the adverse effects of rising household debt, including promoting financial literacy, regulating lending practices, and enhancing social safety nets to support vulnerable households.

PYQ: What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been experiencing such a growth process? Analyse and suggest measures for inclusive growth. (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2017)

Practice Question:  Discuss the impact of India’s rising household debt levels on economic resilience and financial inclusion strategies. (150 Words /10 marks)

5. States being compelled to move court against Centre: Supreme Court

Topic: GS2 – Indian Polity – Federal Structure This topic highlights governance challenges, federal-state relations, disaster management, and financial accountability, relevant for UPSC’s polity and governance syllabus.

Context

●       The news pertains to the Supreme Court cautioning the Union government against contesting with Karnataka over drought relief and addressing delays in disaster relief funds.

 
Additional information on this news:

• The Supreme Court cautioned the Union government against contesting with water-starved Karnataka over its request for drought relief, emphasizing cooperation over confrontation.
• Various states, including Tamil Nadu and Kerala, have approached the Supreme Court against the Centre, alleging delays and arbitrary interference in relief funds and financial matters.
• Karnataka requested ₹18,171.44 crore under the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) six months ago to address a severe humanitarian crisis caused by drought, with crop damage losses estimated at ₹35,162.05 crore.
• The State faces widespread drought conditions, affecting the majority of its taluks during the Kharif 2023 season.
• Despite the Manual for Drought Management’s stipulation for timely decision-making on NDRF assistance, the Centre has not responded for the past six months.
• The Supreme Court granted the Union government two weeks to provide instructions on the matter, highlighting the urgency of addressing the humanitarian crisis.

Cooperative Federalism in India:

Cooperative Federalism: Definition and Concept ●       Cooperative federalism refers to a system where central and state governments collaborate and coordinate to address national issues effectively. ●       It emphasizes shared decision-making, resource pooling, and mutual support among different levels of government. Challenges to Cooperative Federalism ●       Fiscal Imbalance: Disparities in revenue generation and distribution among states hinder cooperative efforts. ●       Political Frictions: Divergent political agendas and ideologies among ruling parties at the center and states can impede cooperation. ●       Administrative Bottlenecks: Bureaucratic hurdles and administrative red tape hinder seamless coordination between central and state agencies. ●       Policy Disparities: Differences in policy priorities and implementation approaches across states create challenges in aligning efforts. ●       Legal Ambiguities: Ambiguities in constitutional provisions and jurisdictional conflicts between center and states pose challenges to cooperative endeavors. ●       Capacity Constraints: Varied administrative capacities and resources among states affect their ability to participate effectively in cooperative initiatives. Way Forward for Cooperative Federalism ●       Fiscal Reforms: Addressing fiscal imbalances through fair revenue-sharing mechanisms and fiscal transfers. ●       Institutional Strengthening: Enhancing institutional capacities and streamlining administrative processes to facilitate smoother cooperation. ●       Political Consensus-Building: Fostering dialogue and consensus among central and state governments on key policy issues. ●       Legal Clarity: Resolving jurisdictional ambiguities through legal reforms and clear delineation of powers. ●       Cooperative Mechanisms: Establishing robust mechanisms for regular consultations, coordination, and information-sharing. ●       Capacity Building: Investing in human capital and infrastructure development to enhance states’ capacity to engage in cooperative efforts. ●       Grassroots Participation: Involving local governments and stakeholders in cooperative initiatives to ensure inclusive decision-making. ●       Technology Integration: Leveraging technology platforms for efficient data-sharing, monitoring, and evaluation of cooperative programs. Conclusion ●       Cooperative federalism is vital for India’s development and governance, requiring concerted efforts to overcome challenges and foster greater collaboration between central and state governments. ●       Addressing fiscal, administrative, and political challenges, while strengthening institutional mechanisms, is essential for realising the full potential of cooperative federalism in India.

PYQ: The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasised in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (200 words/12.5m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2015)

Practice Question:  Analyse the implications of delays in disbursing disaster relief funds and financial assistance by the Union government on states’ ability to address humanitarian crises and manage natural disasters effectively. Discuss potential measures to improve coordination and expedite relief efforts. (150 Words /10 marks)

6. Innovations in traditional methods revolutionising farming in Rajasthan’s parched Shekhawati.

Topic: GS3 – Agriculture Crucial for UPSC: showcases innovative agricultural practices to address water scarcity, enhancing sustainability and rural livelihoods. The information mentioned in the news can be used  as a case study in UPSC mains for answer enrichment.

Context

●  The news highlights innovative agricultural practices in Rajasthan’s Shekhawati region, addressing water scarcity through techniques like rainwater harvesting, polyhouse farming, and canal water irrigation advocacy.

 Additional information on this news:

• Farmers in Rajasthan’s Shekhawati region are adopting innovative practices to combat declining groundwater levels and erratic rainfall.
• Techniques such as rainwater harvesting, polyhouse farming, and drip irrigation are being employed to optimize water utilization.
• Adoption of climate-controlled polyhouses, processing plants, and organic farming methods contribute to increased agricultural productivity and profitability.
• Innovations include dryland agroforestry, vermicompost production, and value addition through processing plants.
• These practices have led to significant income growth, with average annual earnings rising from ₹1 lakh to ₹8 lakh per hectare.
• Government subsidies for horticulture, farm mechanisation, and construction of farm ponds further support agricultural development.
• Farmers advocate for canal water irrigation to address water scarcity, emphasising its potential to boost fruit and vegetable production and livestock rearing.
• Demands include the allocation of canal waters and rectification of anomalies in water-sharing agreements with neighbouring states.
• Administrative initiatives focus on promoting new cropping patterns, establishing farmer producer organisations, and enhancing market accessibility to augment farmer income.

PYQ: What is an Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2022)

Practice Question:  Discuss the significance of innovative agricultural practices in combating water scarcity and enhancing rural livelihoods in Rajasthan’s Shekhawati region. (150 Words /10 marks)

7. Right against climate change a fundamental right, says SC

Topic: GS2 – Indian Polity – Judiciary Critical for UPSC: Highlights Supreme Court’s recognition of climate change’s impact on human rights and renewable energy solutions.

Context

●  The news pertains to the Supreme Court’s recognition of a distinct fundamental right against the adverse effects of climate change in the Constitution, emphasizing the interconnection between climate change, human rights, and the importance of renewable energy solutions.

 Additional information on this news:

• The Supreme Court recognizes a distinct fundamental right against adverse effects of climate change in the Constitution.
• Chief Justice Chandrachud links this right to Articles 21 (right to life) and 14 (right to equality).
• Climate change impacts health, food security, and exacerbates inequalities, violating fundamental rights.
• The judgement emphasises the interconnection between climate change and various human rights.
• Solar power is highlighted as a key solution to combat climate change, given India’s growing energy demand and environmental challenges.
• Shifting to renewable energy sources like solar power enhances energy security and reduces reliance on volatile fossil fuel markets.
• Renewable energy adoption also helps in curbing air pollution, improving public health, and reducing healthcare costs.
• The judgement underscores the importance of transitioning towards cleaner energy sources to mitigate climate change impacts.

Significance of recognising Right against climate change as a fundamental right:

● Environmental Protection: Recognizing the Right against climate change as a fundamental right underscores the imperative to safeguard the environment for present and future generations. ●Human Health: It acknowledges the direct impact of climate change on human health, emphasising the need for policies and actions to mitigate environmental risks and protect public health. ●Vulnerable Communities: Affirming this right prioritises the protection of vulnerable communities disproportionately affected by climate change, ensuring their access to resources, adaptation measures, and justice. ● Legal Accountability: Establishing it as a fundamental right strengthens legal mechanisms to hold governments and corporations accountable for their actions contributing to climate change, fostering transparency and accountability. ●Inter-generational Equity: It promotes inter-generational equity by recognizing the responsibility to preserve the environment and resources for future generations, urging sustainable practices and policies. ●International Commitments: Aligning with international agreements like the Paris Agreement, recognizing the Right against climate change reaffirms a nation’s commitment to global efforts in addressing the climate crisis. ● Social Justice: It promotes social justice by acknowledging the disproportionate impact of climate change on marginalised communities and advocating for equitable solutions to mitigate environmental degradation and its consequences.

PYQ: Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2017)

Practice Question:  Discuss the significance of the Supreme Court’s recognition of a fundamental right against climate change impacts and the role of renewable energy solutions in addressing environmental challenges. (250 Words /15 marks)

8. A freak DNA change 25 million years ago is why humans lack tail

Topic: GS3 – Science and Technology Understanding the genetic basis of tail loss in apes provides insights into evolution and could feature in UPSC examinations.

Context

●  The news discusses the discovery of the genetic mechanism behind tail loss in apes, attributing it to a rare Alu insertion in a crucial gene, shedding light on evolutionary adaptations.

 Additional information on this news:

• Apes lost their tails around 25 million years ago due to a rare insertion of an Alu element in a crucial gene during development.
• This insertion disrupted the TBXT gene, leading to the production of a defective TBXT protein and subsequent taillessness.
• NYU scientists identified the insertion in the ‘junk’ DNA, present in all apes but absent in monkeys.
• Engineered mice embryos with the defective TBXT gene confirmed its role in tail loss.
• The mutation likely conferred advantages, possibly related to bipedalism, though the exact benefit remains uncertain.
• Evolution capitalised on this one-in-a-million event, significantly altering ape anatomy and shaping their evolutionary trajectory.
• The findings shed light on the genetic mechanisms underlying tail loss in apes and highlight the complexity of evolutionary adaptations.
• Understanding the evolutionary significance of tail loss provides insights into the development of unique ape characteristics and their subsequent dominance in the natural world.

Practice Question:  What are the genetic mechanisms underlying tail loss in apes, and how does this contribute to our understanding of evolutionary adaptations? (150 Words /10 marks)

9. Different approaches to AI regulation

Topic: GS2 – Governance, GS3 – Science and Technology Crucial for UPSC as it assesses global governance, technological impact, and policy frameworks, integral to contemporary affairs and governance.

Context

●   This news discusses recent global efforts in AI regulation, including the United Nations Resolution on Artificial Intelligence, the EU’s AI Act, China’s regulatory framework, the U.K.’s context-based approach, and India’s AI mission, highlighting diverse strategies and challenges.

 Global Efforts in AI Regulation

• Recent years have witnessed significant developments in the regulation of AI, including the United Nations’s Resolution on Artificial Intelligence, the AI Act by the European Parliament, and laws introduced in the U.K. and China, along with India’s AI mission.
• These global efforts signal a recognition of the risks associated with AI and emphasise the need for responsible use to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across social, environmental, and economic dimensions.
• The impact of AI on the workforce, particularly in developing and least developed countries, has raised concerns, necessitating collaborative action to address vulnerabilities and potential disruptions.

The EU’s Approach: The AI Act

• The EU’s AI Act establishes rules categorising AI systems based on risk levels, prohibiting applications that endanger citizens’ rights while allowing exemptions for law enforcement with prior authorization.
• The legislation acknowledges the compliance burden on businesses and startups and addresses the regulation of Generative AI systems, such as ChatGPT, due to their disruptive potential and evolving nature.

China’s Regulatory Framework

• China focuses on promoting AI innovation while safeguarding against potential harm to social and economic goals through a phased regulatory framework.
• Key issues addressed include content moderation, personal data protection, and algorithmic governance to ensure security, ethics, and user consent in AI development and deployment.

The U.K.’s Context-Based Approach

• The U.K. adopts a principled and context-based approach, emphasizing mandatory consultations with regulatory bodies to enhance technical expertise and bridge regulatory gaps.
• Unlike the EU’s stringent legal rules, the U.K. opts for a decentralised and softer law approach to regulate AI systems.

India’s Response and AI Mission

• India’s response to AI regulation is crucial, given its large consumer base and growing technology sector, with plans to host over 10,000 deep tech startups by 2030.
• The India AI mission allocates funds for enhancing public-private partnerships and promoting the startup ecosystem, focusing on deploying AI-based research collaboration and innovative projects.
• India aims to align its AI efforts with the SDGs while ensuring economic growth, emphasising a gradual phase-led approach towards building a fair and inclusive AI system.

Conclusion

• Global efforts in AI regulation reflect a growing awareness of the need for responsible use to achieve sustainable development goals.
• Different approaches, such as the EU’s risk-based regulation, China’s focus on innovation with safeguards, the U.K.’s context-based approach, and India’s AI mission, highlight diverse strategies to address AI’s challenges and opportunities.
• Collaboration and adaptive regulation are essential to navigate the complex landscape of AI and ensure its beneficial integration into society while mitigating potential risks.

Regulation of Artificial Intelligence(AI):

Challenges in AI Regulation: ● Ethical Concerns: Balancing innovation with ethical considerations regarding AI’s potential impact on privacy, bias, and employment. ●  Complexity: AI systems are multifaceted, making it challenging to develop comprehensive regulatory frameworks that address various AI applications adequately. ● Lack of Standards: Absence of universal standards hampers regulatory efforts, leading to inconsistency in AI governance across regions and sectors. ●  Dynamic Nature: Rapid advancements in AI technologies outpace regulatory development, creating a lag in addressing emerging risks and issues. Way Forward: ● Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaboration between policymakers, technologists, ethicists, and other stakeholders to develop holistic and adaptable regulatory frameworks. ●Transparency and Accountability: Promote transparency in AI systems’ development, deployment, and decision-making processes to enhance accountability and trust. ●  Ethical AI Principles: Embed ethical principles such as fairness, transparency, accountability, and inclusivity into AI governance frameworks to ensure responsible AI development and use. ● Regulatory Sandboxes: Establish regulatory sandboxes to facilitate experimentation and innovation in AI while ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and ethical norms. ● International Cooperation: Foster international cooperation and standardization efforts to develop consistent regulatory approaches and address cross-border challenges posed by AI technologies. ● Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: Implement mechanisms for ongoing monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation of AI regulations to keep pace with technological advancements and evolving ethical considerations. ●  Public Engagement: Involve the public in AI governance processes to ensure that regulatory frameworks reflect societal values, concerns, and priorities regarding AI’s impact on individuals and communities.

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PYQ: Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (150 words/10m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2023)

Practice Question:  How do recent international initiatives in AI regulation reflect evolving governance paradigms and address societal implications? Discuss with examples. (250 Words /15 marks)

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