Answer:  Option A - Polar stratospheric clouds and the presence of chlorine and bromine.

Explanation:

• The "ozone hole" over Antarctica is primarily due to chemical reactions involving polar stratospheric clouds, which provide a surface for reactions that release chlorine and bromine.
• These elements, often originating from human-made compounds like CFCs, catalyze the breakdown of ozone molecules, especially during the Antarctic spring when sunlight returns, leading to significant seasonal ozone depletion.

Answer:  Option B - Emissions produced by goods consumed in another country but produced domestically.

Explanation:

• Exported emissions refer to the carbon emissions generated in a country during the production of goods that are later exported for consumption in other countries.
• This highlights how the carbon footprint of a nation's exports is accounted for in global emissions, as these emissions are technically not counted in the importing country's carbon footprint.

Answer:  Option C - Creating a market for trading carbon credits.

Explanation:

• Carbon markets create an economic mechanism where carbon credits, representing a specific amount of greenhouse gas emissions reduced or removed, are bought and sold.
• These markets allow businesses to offset their emissions by purchasing credits from others who have reduced their emissions.
• The goal is to incentivize companies to cut emissions by making it financially beneficial.
• This system helps meet emission reduction targets and encourages environmental responsibility.

Answer:  Option B - It serves over 1 billion cooperative members worldwide across diverse sectors

Explanation:

• The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), established in 1895, represents over 1 billion cooperative members globally, making it one of the largest and oldest non-governmental organizations.
• It spans various sectors, including agriculture, banking, and housing. Its regional office for Asia-Pacific, based in India, underscores India’s critical role in fostering cooperative development.
• The ICA focuses on promoting cooperatives as instruments for social and economic progress, advocating for global collaboration and knowledge exchange.

Answer:  Option D - 1895 in London, England.

Explanation:

• The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) was founded in 1895 in London, England, during the 1st Cooperative Congress.
• It is one of the oldest and largest non-governmental organizations, representing over 1 billion cooperative members globally.
• The ICA serves as a global platform for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and advocacy, supporting cooperatives across sectors like agriculture, finance, and housing, promoting socio-economic development and cooperative principles worldwide.