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1. Which of the following historical events significantly contributed to the strengthening of India-Japan relations in the 20th century?

Select the correct option from the following:

1. The signing of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855
2. The Battle of Kohima during World War II
3. The Simla Agreement of 1914
4. The Non-Aligned Movement conference in Bandung in 1955

Answer:  Option D – The Non-Aligned Movement conference in Bandung in 1955

Explanation:

• The signing of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 occurred between Japan and Russia, not India. Hence option A is not correct.
• The Battle of Kohima during World War IIinvolved conflict between British and Japanese forces, and India was still under British rule at the time. This event would not have contributed positively to their relationship. Hence option B is not correct.
• The Simla Agreement of 1914was between British India and Tibet, not Japan. Hence option C is not correct.
• The Non-Aligned Movement conference in Bandung in 1955 brought together newly independent nations like India and Japan, fostering a spirit of cooperation and shared interests outside the Cold War power blocs. India was one of the prominent leaders of Non-Aligned Movement. This event marked a turning point in their relationship, paving the way for closer ties in the following decades.

2. Which geographical phenomenon, often associated with Japan, results from the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate?

Select the correct option from the following:

1. Tsunamis
2. Typhoons
3. Archipelago Formation
4. Volcanic Islands

Answer:  Option D – Volcanic Islands

Explanation:

• Japan is located at the convergent boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
• The subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate leads to intense volcanic activity, giving rise to the formation of the Japanese archipelago, characterized by numerous volcanic islands.
• This geological process is responsible for Japan’s susceptibility to earthquakes and the presence of several active volcanoes in the region.

3. Which constitutional amendment in India empowers rural local self-governance by introducing a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj institutions?

Select the correct option from the following:

1. 74th Constitutional Amendment
2. 75th Constitutional Amendment
3. 73rd Constitutional Amendment
4. 76th Constitutional Amendment

Answer:  Option C – 73rd Constitutional Amendment

Explanation:

• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment, enacted in 1992, introduced a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj institutions at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
• This amendment aimed to decentralize power and enhance local self-governance in rural areas, promoting grassroots democracy and development.

4. What does the 74th Constitutional Amendment primarily focus on?

Select the correct option from the following:

1. Panchayati Raj Institutions
2. Powers of gram Sabha.
3. Urban Local Bodies
4. State Finance Commission

Answer:  Option C – Urban Local Bodies

Explanation:

• The 74th Constitutional Amendment, enacted in 1992, primarily focuses on strengthening local self-governance in urban areas.
• It introduced provisions for the establishment of Urban Local Bodies, such as Municipalities and Nagar Panchayats, to ensure decentralization and effective governance at the local level in urban regions.

5. In the context of federalism in India, which case marked a significant judicial interpretation in defining the limits of the power-sharing arrangement between the Union and States?

Select the correct option from the following:

1. Kesavananda Bharati case
2. Golaknath case
3. R. Bommai case
4. Keshavan Madhava Menon case

Answer:  Option C – S.R. Bommai case

Explanation:

• The S.R. Bommai case (1994) is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that played a crucial role in defining the scope and limits of federalism in India.
• The court ruled that the power of the President to dismiss a state government is subject to judicial review and can only be exercised under specific circumstances, emphasizing the principles of federalism and constitutional morality.
• This case is significant in shaping the understanding of federal relations in the Indian context.

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