19 June 2023 : Indian Express
Indian Express
19-June-2023
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1. Senior officers to be posted across services as part of integration move
Syllabus – GS II
Recent Context – Indian Armed Forces are planning to go ahead with cross services postings of a large number of senior officers in the ranks of Brigadier and Major General and equivalent.
What is a Theatre Command?
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A theatre command is an organizational structure designed to control all military assets in a theatre of war to achieve military effects.
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There are plans to create two adversary-based theatre commands – one facing Pakistan, the other for China, and a third to tackle maritime threats.
Views in favour of Integration
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Integrated Commander is not answerable to individual service and will be free to train, equip and exercise his command to make it a cohesive fighting force.
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The logistic resources required to support its operation will also be placed at the disposal of the theatre commander.
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Many other countries follow the same (Unified Combat Command of USA).
Views against Integration
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During actual warfare, there has been no occasion when the three services have yet to operate with commendable cooperation.
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Faraway lands wars and medium to high-intensity wars are a distant possibility.
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Limited Domain Knowledge of the Commander regarding the other two services could limit his ability to employ them in the most suitable manner.
Inter Service Batch Parity
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The aim is to achieve commonality for greater synergy among the three services while recommending officers for higher tri-service command and staff appointments.
Significance
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All these new decisions – from cross-staffing of officers and creating common ACRs for senior officers of the Army, Navy and Indian Air Force – are aimed at enhancing jointness and integration within the three services.
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This is particularly essential as the Indian military inches towards creating integrated theatre commands.
Challenges
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Staff shortage, especially in the Airforce, needs more resources to allocate dedicatedly to different theatre commands.
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There are also underlying fears about the smaller services losing their autonomy and importance.
2. IMPHAL ABDICATION
Syllabus – GS II
Recent Context – Manipur Violence
Meitei’s Demand in High Court
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The Manipur High Court recently asked the government to consider the demand of the Meitei Tribe.
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This led to tensions between Valley Dwelling Meitei Community and the state’s hill tribes.
Classification of Tribes in Manipur
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There are 34 recognized tribes in Manipur broadly classified as ‘Any Kuki Tribes’ and ‘Any Naga Tribes’.
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Meiteis are the largest community in Manipur and reside in 10% landmass of Manipur in Central Valley. 90% of the land is home to recognized tribes forming 35.4% of the State Population.
The Rationale of Meiteis Demand
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Demand is being made since 2012 and is led by the Scheduled Tribes Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM).
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Meitei community was a recognized tribe before the merger of the princely state of Manipur with the Union of India in 1949 but lost its identity after the merger.
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This Community has demanded ST status to preserve the Community and save the ancestral land, tradition, culture and language of the Meitei.
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59% Population in Manipur in 1951 have been reduced to 44% in the 2011 Census.
Why is this demand being opposed?
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The dominance of Meitei – both in population and in regional politics since 40 out of 60 assembly seats.
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Perception of job loss to a much-advanced community of Meiteis.
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The Manipuri language of Meiteis is already under the 8th Schedule.
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Meitei Community which is predominantly Hindu is already included in Scheduled Caste (SC) or OBC and has access to safeguards associated with this status.
About Meitei Tribe
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The Meiteis are primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in Manipur, though a stable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram.
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There is also a notable presence of Meiteis in Myanmar and Bangladesh.
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The Manipuri martial art Thang-Ta is a combative sport which had its origin in the Meitei knights during the King’s rule.
3. MIYAWAKI FORESTS
Syllabus – GS III
Vidyavanam of Kerala
The PM cited the example of a Kerala-based teacher, Raafi Ramnath, who used the Miyawaki technique to transform a barren land into a mini forest called Vidyavanam by planting 115 varieties of trees.
Miyawaki in Mumbai
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The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been creating Miyawaki forests to increase the green cover of the space-starved financial capital.
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Objective – Fight Climate Change, curb pollution levels, and increase the green cover.
Miyawaki Method
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Named after Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, this method involves planting two to four different types of indigenous trees within every square metre of the plot. Because the plants are so close together, they shoot up quickly, competing for sunlight. Thus, they grow to their full length within three years.
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The dense green cover of indigenous trees plays a key role in absorbing dust particles.
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The plants also help in regulating surface temperature. Some common indigenous plants used for these forests include Anjan, Amala, Bel, Arjun and Gunj.
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These green patches play a major role in regulating the carbon levels of a given area, which may help in maintaining a clean year.
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Also, these forests encourage new biodiversity, and an ecosystem is developed around them, which increases soil fertility and regulates surface temperature.
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According to the civic body’s data, 64 Miyawaki forests have been planted in Mumbai.
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The largest Miyawaki forest under this project was created at Chandivali’s Nahar Amrut Shakti Udyan, where over 41,000 trees were planted over 13 acres.
4. What’s in a name change? The right to life under Art 21, say 2 High Courts
Syllabus – GS II
Recent Context – The Right to change one’s name or surname is a part of the right to life under Article 21, the High Courts of Allahabad and Delhi have said.
The Two cases
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In the case before Delhi HC (Sadanand & Anr. Vs CBSE & Ors), the petitioners asked for the setting aside of a letter issued by CBSE on June 1, 2017, refusing to change their father’s last name from Mochi to Nayak in their Board certificates.
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In the Allahabad case (Md. Sameer Rao vs State of U.P.), the petitioner challenged a December 12, 2020 order passed by the Regional Secretary, Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad, Regional Office, Rai Bareli, rejecting an application to change his name to “Md. Sameer Rao” in his High School and Intermediate certificates.
Reasons for Denial
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In the Delhi case, the CBSE contended that a change in the surname of the petitioners would entail a change in their caste which could be misused.
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In the Allahabad case, the state argued that a change of name is not an absolute right and is subject to restrictions imposed by law.
Article 21
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The court relied on the Kerala HC ruling in Kashish Gupta vs Central Board of Secondary Education (2020), stating, “To have a name and to express the same in the manner he wishes is certainly a part of right to freedom of speech and expression under Article19(1)(a) as well as a part of the right to liberty under Article 21…State or its instrumentalities cannot stand in the way…except to the extent prescribed under Article 19(2) or by a law which is just, fair and reasonable.”
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The court said, “There is no denying the fact that Right to Life includes within its ambit, the Right to Live with Dignity”, which includes “not to be tied down by any casteism” faced by a person due to the caste to which he or she belongs.
5. AFTER THE CONFLICT
Syllabus – GS II
Recent Context – Three years after Galwan, for India-China, disengagement has not been followed by resolution
Issues
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Chinese actions of rapidly scaling up war-like infrastructure along the LAC do not inspire confidence that it will ever go back to the cold border it was despite the fundamental cartographic problems that have dogged it since 1949.
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Vindication for this concern came with an attempt by the PLA to spring a surprise on a forward post in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, territory that is claimed by China as part of Tibet, last December. Thanks to lessons learnt in the eastern Ladakh area, the attempt was thwarted.
Indian Side
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India stepped back from areas where it was previously patrolling to create a demilitarized buffer zone at the five points where the Chinese intrusion had taken place. India has stopped using the phrase “return to status quo” as it existed on April 2020. Both sides have decided that the intrusions in the Depsang Plains and in Demchok are “legacy issues” and need not be taken up now.
Conclusion
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As India and China continue high-level engagement at regional fora such as the SCO and BRICS groupings, it is hard to fathom a resolution.
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Meanwhile, bilateral trade continues to reach new heights, with India importing more than ever from the Asian giant. As Delhi and Washington find closer alignment— Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to the US may bring greater defence cooperation — and seek to “compete” with Beijing through the Quad, India would do well not to see its own problems with China at the long land border through the American security lens focussed on the Taiwan Strait.
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