Technological advancements have played a crucial role in transforming India’s economic, social, and political landscape. Since the early 20th century, India has made significant progress in fields such as information technology, space exploration, biotechnology, and renewable energy. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved remarkable success in space missions, while India’s IT sector has…
India’s nuclear policy has been a key element of its strategic security framework, shaped by the need to balance national security with global peace and stability. Since conducting its first nuclear test in 1974, India has maintained a commitment to a No First Use (NFU) policy and credible minimum deterrence, reinforcing its stance on using…
India’s relations with its two immediate neighbours, Pakistan and China, have been marked by historical tensions, territorial disputes, and political complexities. Both countries, while sharing deep-rooted historical ties with India, have been at the centre of India’s foreign policy concerns due to conflicts over territorial boundaries, ideological differences, and strategic rivalries. These relations have not…
It provides quotas in education, employment, and political representation for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to ensure equal opportunities and social justice. The policy reflects India’s constitutional commitment to equality and upliftment, as outlined in Articles 15(4), 16(4), and 334 of the Constitution. The roots of the reservation policy…
The economic reforms of 1991 marked a turning point in India’s economic policy, leading to the adoption of the Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) framework. Faced with a severe balance of payments crisis and rising fiscal deficit, the government introduced structural reforms to stabilize the economy and promote long-term growth. These reforms aimed to reduce…
Local government in India plays a crucial role in ensuring grassroots democracy by providing essential services and allowing citizens to actively participate in decision-making. By bringing governance closer to the people, local bodies strengthen democratic processes, promote public involvement, and enhance service delivery, making it more responsive to local needs. Decentralization of political, administrative, and…
The Green Revolution in India was a major agricultural transformation initiated in the 1960s and 1970s to increase food grain production and ensure food security. The term was first used by William S. Gaud in 1968 to describe the adoption of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and modern irrigation techniques. This movement…
Land reforms refer to a series of measures aimed at redistributing land, improving land ownership patterns, and enhancing agricultural productivity. They involve the regulation of ownership, tenancy, and cultivation of agricultural land to promote social justice and reduce inequality in rural areas. Land reforms are significant for rural development, poverty alleviation, and increasing agricultural output….
Economic planning refers to a systematic and organized effort by the government to allocate resources, set production targets, and shape economic policies to achieve specific national goals such as economic growth, social justice, and poverty reduction. In a newly independent nation like India, economic planning was essential to overcome colonial economic underdevelopment and create a…
Federalism is defined as a political structure where power is constitutionally divided between the central government and regional governments, with each level having distinct responsibilities and authority. The significance of federalism lies in balancing national unity with regional diversity, ensuring better governance, and preventing the concentration of power. Significance of Federalism India’s three-tier government structure…