Dravidian architecture/south Indian temple architecture emerged in the Southern parts of the Indian subcontinent during the closing decades of the seventh century And it reached its final form by the 16th century. Divisions of Dravidian-style temple architecture: Based on the shape of the layout of a temple, Dravidian temples can be subdivided into the following…
The Nagara style became popular in the northern part of India. Numerous temples were constructed at various other places in north India, like Mathura, Banaras, and Dilwara. While the earliest temples had one tower(shikhara), later temples had multiple. The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower. In North India, generally, the entire temple is built on…
The term stupa was used for the first time in Rigveda but did not refer to any architecture at that time. In the Rig Vedic age, the Stupa was the “shape of fire” coming out of alters during yajna. In some unknown source, we found that King Varuna raised a stupa in the forest without…
The importance of caves in human life is inextricably related to their cultural evolution. The pre-historic humans initially used the caves as dwelling units. Gradually, the caves became a focal point for their cultural activities. The cave walls became projections of human imaginations in the form of murals, such as hunting scenes, merry-making, etc. With…
India is often referred to as a civilization state because it has 5000 years old civilizational history. The earliest Indian civilization to be named is the Harappan Civilization (3300 BCE – 1300 BCE), which was contemporary to civilizations such as Mesopotamian and Egyptian. After its decline, we can see a continuous chain of cultures and civilizations…
The disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar world order, leading to U.S. unipolar dominance. The Soviet Union, which once controlled a vast territory and held global influence, disintegrated due to economic stagnation, political instability, nationalist movements, and failed reforms. Bipolarity refers to…
The Cold War was a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle between the United States (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (USSR) that shaped international relations for nearly five decades. Unlike traditional wars, it was characterized by political tensions, proxy wars, nuclear arms races, and ideological conflicts rather than direct military confrontation between the two superpowers. The…
Decolonization refers to the process by which colonial territories gained independence from European imperial powers, leading to the formation of sovereign nations, primarily in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. This process was marked by political struggles, nationalist movements, armed conflicts, and international diplomatic efforts. While decolonization had begun in the 18th and…
The redrawal of national boundaries has been a defining feature of global history, shaping the political, social and economic landscapes of nations. From the collapse of empires and colonialism to the aftermath of wars and geopolitical negotiations, the process of redrawing borders has often been driven by complex factors such as ethnic identity, political power,…
World War 2 (1939–1945) was the most devastating and far-reaching conflict in human history, involving over 30 nations and resulting in an estimated 70–85 million deaths. It was triggered by the aggressive expansionist policies of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy, and was fuelled by unresolved tensions from World War 1 and the rise…