The various challenges associated with AI-driven genetic testing
(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 11)
| Topic: GS3 – Science and Technology |
| Context |
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Introduction to the Human Genome Project
- The Human Genome Project, completed between 1990 and 2003, helped document human DNA and its building blocks.
- It revealed patterns that could predict the likelihood of genetic diseases or abnormalities.
- Initially, predictive tests were costly and available in limited cases like detecting Down’s Syndrome in fetuses or identifying effective cancer treatments.
AI’s Impact on Genomics
- AI has greatly enhanced the ability to process genetic information faster and in larger amounts.
- For instance, in March 2024, researchers identified important genetic code sequences linked to tumours, revealing new opportunities for cancer research and treatment.
- Startups are leveraging AI to process genetic data efficiently, uncover patterns, and predict genetic predispositions, offering personalized recommendations based on individual profiles.
Challenges in Genetic Predictions
Data Privacy and Security
- AI-driven genetic testing involves handling sensitive personal information, raising concerns about data breaches.
- Cases like 23andMe’s 2023 data breach highlight the risks associated with storing genetic data.
- Without strict regulations, personal genetic information can be misused or sold.
Ethical Issues
- Genetic testing raises ethical questions, especially around predicting mental health conditions or complex diseases.
- Ethical guidelines are essential to ensure that AI technologies are not misused for making life-altering decisions without informed consent.
- AI predictions might not always be accurate or complete, leading to potential harm.
Interpretation of Results
- AI tools can analyze large amounts of data but may struggle with interpreting complex genetic variations accurately.
- Some genetic variations may not have a clear significance, leading to “grey zones” in diagnosis.
- Misinterpretation could lead to unnecessary stress or false assurance for patients.
Over-Reliance on Genetics
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- Genetics is just one factor in health, and over-relying on AI-driven genetic testing can neglect environmental and lifestyle factors.
- A person’s health or future should not be determined solely by genetic tests.
- Relying too much on AI predictions may lead to decisions that do not account for the full picture.
Accessibility and Cost
- AI-driven genetic testing can be expensive and may not be accessible to everyone.
- There are concerns that only wealthy individuals or developed regions will benefit from such technologies, widening healthcare inequality.
Conclusion
- AI in genetic testing offers great potential but comes with challenges.
- Ethical guidelines, data protection, and ensuring comprehensive healthcare approaches are necessary for its responsible use.
| PYQ: Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (150 words/10m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2023) |
| Practice Question: Critically analyze the role of Artificial Intelligence in advancing genomics and personalized healthcare, addressing the ethical concerns and data security challenges involved. (150 Words /10 marks) |
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