Non Cooperation Movement & Khilafat Movement Intro: The Non Cooperation movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a significant phase in the Indian struggle for independence. Aimed at securing Swaraj or self-rule, it called for Indians to not give support for British institutions, boycott foreign goods, and adopt self-reliance. This mass protest against the…
Tribal Movement in India From the beginning, tribal people had lived in rural India in varying economic conditions and relative seclusion. They kept their distinct identity despite their interactions with non-tribal people. Each tribal community continued to have its own political and economic structures, as well as its own socio-religious and cultural life. Land and…
British Expansion in India The political situation in Deccan In the 1760s, the neighbouring states in the Deccan came into conflict with each other in their attempt to expand their territories to fulfil their need for resources. Three factors pushed this conflict: Maratha’s Loss in 1761 made them weaker and a target for the neighbouring…
The withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) and the imprisonment of Gandhi in March 1922 weakened the national movement, and it entered a passive phase. As a result, the nationalist ranks became disorganized, disintegrated, and demoralized. Gaya Annual Session of the Congress (1922) Two currents of thought emerged within the Congress after the NCM regarding…
In July 1946, the Muslim League withdrew from accepting the Cabinet mission plan in response to Nehru’s statement and called for “direct action” on 16 August to achieve its goals for Pakistan. In this chapter, we will discuss the emergence of communalism and its culmination with the partition of India and the formation of Pakistan….
Land Revenue System in British India Land revenue settlement refers to the system in which land tax revenue is agreed between the owner of the occupied land or any other assigned leader and government. The government collects tax revenue directly from cultivators (Ryotwari) or indirectly through an appointed representative (Permanent settlement). Early revenue settlement under…
India before the British rule in India Political scenario in India The Mughals – After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the decline of the Mughals started. Rulers of the Mughals were now weak and engrossed in political conflict for inheritance or dominance in the court. The Marathas – The third battle of Panipat in…
Advent of Europeans in India The history of modern India can be traced back to the advent of Europeans in India. The trade routes between India and Europe were long and winding, passing through the Oxus Valley, Syria, and Egypt. We have already seen the advent of Portuguese in the Medieval India. We shall see the advent of…
Mughal Economy The Indian economy was strong till the Mughal times. By 1700, India’s share of world GDP was 24%, the largest in the world, larger than any other region. India, then, was producing about 25% of the world’s industrial output up until the 18th century. Agriculture During the Mughals, large tracts of land were…
Later Mughals & Decline of Mughal Empire The Later Mughals period represents crucial phase in India history, marking the gradual decline of Mughal Empire. Spanning from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries, this period witnessed internal conflicts, external threats, and political instability, contributing to the Decline of Mughal Empire. From Aurangzeb’s reign to Bahadur…