Socio Religious Reform Movements The colonization of India by the British during the 18th and 19th centuries exposed some serious weaknesses and drawbacks of Indian social institutions. Consequently, several individual Socio Religious Reform movements sought to bring about changes in social and religious practices to reform and revitalize society. They were impressed by modern science,…
![Swadeshi Movement (1905): Overview, Causes & Impact [Upsc Notes]](https://www.99notes.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/swadeshi-movement-featured-66698a5e632b7-768x500.webp "Swadeshi Movement (1905): Overview, Causes &Amp; Impact [Upsc Notes] | Updated February 22, 2025")
Swadeshi Movement (1905) The Swadeshi movement spread as a reaction to Curzon’s reactionary policies and, more importantly, his policy of the Bengal partition. It is called Swadeshi as the movement emphasised the Boycott of foreign-made clothes and goods such as sugar, salt, government schools and colleges and other government services. The Swadeshi movement saw two…
Quit India Movement (August Kranti) The Cripps mission had failed to pacify the Indians. It made clear that the British were unwilling to concede to any significant demand. Gandhi, who had earlier argued against launching a mass struggle, finally became convinced of the inevitability of a struggle. Causes of Quit India Movement Other factors that…
Indian National Army Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) Bose cleared the Indian Civil Services exam but resigned from the service to join the freedom struggle. In 1923, he became the mayor of Calcutta. He was elected as Congress president in 1938 (Haripura) and 1939 (Tripuri). However, after differences with Gandhi, he resigned from the presidentship…
![Non-Cooperation Movement: Cause, Significance, & Its Impact [Upsc Notes]](https://www.99notes.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/non-cooperation-66698a560e80c.webp "Non-Cooperation Movement: Cause, Significance, &Amp; Its Impact [Upsc Notes] | Updated February 22, 2025")
Non Cooperation Movement & Khilafat Movement Intro: The Non Cooperation movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a significant phase in the Indian struggle for independence. Aimed at securing Swaraj or self-rule, it called for Indians to not give support for British institutions, boycott foreign goods, and adopt self-reliance. This mass protest against the…
Tribal Movement in India From the beginning, tribal people had lived in rural India in varying economic conditions and relative seclusion. They kept their distinct identity despite their interactions with non-tribal people. Each tribal community continued to have its own political and economic structures, as well as its own socio-religious and cultural life. Land and…
British Expansion in India The political situation in Deccan In the 1760s, the neighbouring states in the Deccan came into conflict with each other in their attempt to expand their territories to fulfil their need for resources. Three factors pushed this conflict: Maratha’s Loss in 1761 made them weaker and a target for the neighbouring…
The withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) and the imprisonment of Gandhi in March 1922 weakened the national movement, and it entered a passive phase. As a result, the nationalist ranks became disorganized, disintegrated, and demoralized. Gaya Annual Session of the Congress (1922) Two currents of thought emerged within the Congress after the NCM regarding…
In July 1946, the Muslim League withdrew from accepting the Cabinet mission plan in response to Nehru’s statement and called for “direct action” on 16 August to achieve its goals for Pakistan. In this chapter, we will discuss the emergence of communalism and its culmination with the partition of India and the formation of Pakistan….
Land Revenue System in British India Land revenue settlement refers to the system in which land tax revenue is agreed between the owner of the occupied land or any other assigned leader and government. The government collects tax revenue directly from cultivators (Ryotwari) or indirectly through an appointed representative (Permanent settlement). Early revenue settlement under…