general studies 2

In Indian polity, Emergency refers to a situation where the Central executive exercises extraordinary powers given by the Constitution, to deal with a crisis caused by either internal or external factors that threaten the nation’s stability, unity and sovereignty. Emergency provisions are given in Articles 352 to 360 in Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution….

The success of the Indian federal system rests not only on cordial relations and close collaboration between the Center and the states but also on the interrelationships of the states. In India, interstate relations are characterised by both conflict and collaboration. There are disputes among Indian states over sharing water and territorial boundaries. The disputes…

Centre State Relations Centre State Relations in India are fundamental aspect of the country’s federal structure, ensuring a balance of power and responsibilities between the central government and individual state governments. These relations are categorized into three broad spheres: legislative, administrative, and financial. Legislative relations define the law-making powers, administrative relations deal with the distribution…

Federalism is a governance mechanism in which the state’s sovereignty is distributed between different units, i.e. centre, state and local bodies. It is a vertical distribution of power, i.e. division of power between different layers of government. It seeks to define the relationship between the central government and regional governments. It institutionalises political cooperation and…

“Without the basic structure, we end up with a constitution without constitutionalism”.   -Upendra Buxi How comprehensively can Parliament amend the Constitution? Can it change the very nature of the Constitution? Can it rewrite the whole Constitution? These were the questions that our Supreme Court, the final interpreter of the Constitution, faced in the 1960s…

Fundamental Rights Fundamental Rights represents the essential human rights that are universally recognized as inherent to all individuals irrespective of their nationality, place of residence, sex, ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. In the context of India, these Fundamental rights are given in the Indian Constitution, specially in Part III (Article 12…

The idea of fundamental duty refers to a sense of moral obligations and responsibilities that an individual should uphold as a member of society and a nation. It serves as a moral compass for individuals, guiding them to act responsibly, ethically and with consideration for the nation’s well-being. It is often associated with the concept of…

“While we want this Constitution to be as solid and permanent as we can make it, there is no permanence in a Constitution.” -Jawaharlal Nehru The Constitution of a country is the fundamental law of the land. It has higher sanctity and more permanence than ordinary legislation. However, a democratic constitution has to be particularly…