It is the ultimate power of the Judiciary to determine the validity of a law or an order, which may be described as the powers of “judicial review”. It tests the constitutionality of the legislative acts and executive orders. Genesis of the Concept of Judicial Review It was first introduced in the US Supreme Court…
Subordinate Courts consist of district courts and other lower courts. They are called subordinate courts as they are subordinate to the High Courts. Subordinate Judiciary is the backbone of the Judiciary. It is the first judicial institution with which a majority of the citizens interact. It is covered under Part IV of the Indian constitution…
Challenges with the Indian Judiciary: Judiciary is one of the three organs of the government. Indian judiciary is integrated and independent judiciary. Despite the most important part of the Indian polity, it faces some issues as following: Issue in Appointment: Shortage of judges: India has a low judge-to-population ratio. India requires 50 judges per million…
Public interest litigation(PIL) is a case or petition filed before a court to protect, safeguard or enforce public interest. PIL is a judicial innovation for the protection of the disadvantaged section, like the poor, minorities, etc., and their interests. PIL is also known as Social Action litigation, Social action litigation, etc Genesis of the PIL…
Defection In a political scenario, defection is a situation when a member of a political party leaves his/her party and joins hands with other parties. Traditionally, this phenomenon is known as ‘floor crossing’, which had its origin in the British House of Commons, where a legislator changed his/her allegiance when s/he crossed the floor and…
State Human Rights Commission Besides the National Human Rights Commission, the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 provides for the establishment of the Human Rights Commission in each state. It has been entrusted with the responsibility of safeguarding and promoting human rights at the state level. Composition of the State Human Rights Commission The State…
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) of India is an apex body of the Government of India under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) provides the institutional framework for creating and overseeing disaster management plans. It ensures coordinated efforts across government…
![National Human Rights Commission (Nhrc) [Upsc Notes]](https://99notes.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/national-human-rights-commision-featured-667168d64d9c6-768x500.webp "National Human Rights Commission (Nhrc) [Upsc Notes] | Updated February 14, 2026")
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is a statutory body constituted under the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993. The commission acts as the watchdog of human rights in the country. Its mandate includes safeguarding and advancing the rights to life, liberty, equality, and dignity as guaranteed by…
State Information Commission The Right to Information Act, 2005, besides the Central Information Commission, also provides for the State Information Commission. It has been mandated to act upon the complaints and appeals under the act against public information officers in offices, financial institutions, and Public sector undertakings under the concerned state government. Besides, the Commission…
“Where a society has chosen to accept democracy as its creedal faith, it is elementary that the citizens ought to know what their government is doing”. ~Justice P N Bhagwati Transparency and accountability in governance are essential elements of a participatory democracy. Lack of relevant…