It is the ultimate power of the Judiciary to determine the validity of a law or an order, which may be described as the powers of “judicial review”. It tests the constitutionality of the legislative acts and executive orders. Genesis of the Concept of Judicial Review It was first introduced in the US Supreme Court…
Subordinate Courts consist of district courts and other lower courts. They are called subordinate courts as they are subordinate to the High Courts. Subordinate Judiciary is the backbone of the Judiciary. It is the first judicial institution with which a majority of the citizens interact. It is covered under Part IV of the Indian constitution…
Challenges with the Indian Judiciary: Judiciary is one of the three organs of the government. Indian judiciary is integrated and independent judiciary. Despite the most important part of the Indian polity, it faces some issues as following: Issue in Appointment: Shortage of judges: India has a low judge-to-population ratio. India requires 50 judges per million…
Public interest litigation(PIL) is a case or petition filed before a court to protect, safeguard or enforce public interest. PIL is a judicial innovation for the protection of the disadvantaged section, like the poor, minorities, etc., and their interests. PIL is also known as Social Action litigation, Social action litigation, etc Genesis of the PIL…
India shares a border of 3488 km with China, which runs along the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir and the states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. Separated by the Great Himalayan range, our border is characterized by difficult terrain and sparse habitation, which have resulted in inadequate development of infrastructure in…
Defection In a political scenario, defection is a situation when a member of a political party leaves his/her party and joins hands with other parties. Traditionally, this phenomenon is known as ‘floor crossing’, which had its origin in the British House of Commons, where a legislator changed his/her allegiance when s/he crossed the floor and…
Introduction: India and Bangladesh share bonds of rich historical ties, including language, trade relations and culture. The bilateral ties reflect an all-encompassing partnership based on equality, sovereignty, trust, and understanding that goes far beyond a strategic partnership. Both countries view each other as important partners in realizing respective national development visions of “Viksit Bharat 2047”…
Continents cover 29% of the surface of the earth and the remainder is under oceanic waters.The position of Continents and Oceans bodies has not been constant but it has been changing in the past. This chapter deals with the various theories related to the movement of the ocean and Continents. For a long time, many…
The processes which occur on the surface of the earth under the influence of exogenic forces are termed exogenic processes or exogenic geomorphic processes. They derive energy from the atmosphere determined by ultimate energy from the sun, potential energy arising from the gravitational attraction of the Earth and gradients created by tectonic factors. They are…
Pedologists define soil as a collection of natural bodies on the earth’s surface containing living matter supporting or capable of supporting plants. Soil is a dynamic medium in which many chemical, physical and biological activities go on constantly. Soil is a result of decay, it is also the medium for growth. It is a changing…