21 August 2023 : Daily Current Affairs

Daily Current Affairs

21-August-2023

Daily Current Affairs For UPSC ,Daily Current affairs of The hIndu and Indian Express.

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1. Pulses prices may spiral as deficient rain mars sowing

Topic: GS3 – agriculture sector.

Context:

• The monsoon has been below par in August, which has dragged down the sown area for pulses in the Kharif season by almost 10% from a year ago.
• This is likely to lead to a further rise in prices of pulses, such as tur dal and moong dal.
• Sown area for cereals and rice has inched up to grow 1.6% and 4.3%, respectively, which could help moderate their price rise in the coming months.
• However, pulses sowing has not staged such a recovery and has, in fact, got worse over the past week.
• With the sowing season about to end, pulses sowing is expected to be largely lower.

Here are some additional details:

• The below-par monsoon has affected the sowing of pulses in major producing states such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
• The deficient rainfall has also led to a decline in the water levels in reservoirs, which is further impacting the sowing of pulses.
• Economists have warned that the lower pulses production could lead to a further rise in prices, which could put pressure on household budgets.
• The government has taken some measures to boost pulses production, such as releasing pulses from its buffer stock and providing financial assistance to farmers. However, these measures may not be enough to offset the impact of the deficient monsoon.

Importance of pulses:

• Nutritional Value: Pulses are rich sources of protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients, contributing to balanced diets and combating malnutrition.
• Soil Fertility: Pulses have nitrogen-fixing abilities, enhancing soil fertility by converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.
• Crop Rotation: Pulses are integral to crop rotation, reducing pest and disease pressure, improving soil structure, and boosting the yields of subsequent crops.
• Diversification: Including pulses in cropping systems promotes agricultural diversification, reducing dependency on single crops and enhancing resilience to climate changes.
• Sustainability: Pulses require relatively less water and synthetic fertilizers, aligning with sustainable agricultural practices and water conservation efforts.
• Income Source: Pulses provide economic benefits to smallholder farmers, generating income through domestic consumption and export markets.
• Climate Resilience: Some pulse varieties are drought-tolerant and adaptable to varying agro-climatic conditions, contributing to climate-resilient agriculture.
• Crop Rotation: Pulses in rotation with other crops disrupt pest and disease cycles, reducing the need for chemical interventions.
• Food Security: Pulses diversify food sources, reducing reliance on single staple crops and enhancing overall food security.

Model question:  Discuss the importance of pulses in Indian agriculture, and challenges in cultivation. Propose strategies to encourage increased pulse production and consumption for enhancing agricultural sustainability and food security.

2. Senior Women and Child Development Dept. official booked for raping minor

Topic: GS3 – Child welfare.

Context:

• A senior official from the Delhi government’s Women and Child Development (WCD) Department has been accused of raping a minor girl over a span of several months.
• The official’s wife has also been implicated in the case. She allegedly coerced the victim into taking abortion pills, resulting in the termination of the victim’s pregnancy.

Issue of child abuse in India:

• Prevalence: Child abuse is a significant concern in India, affecting children across various age groups and socio-economic backgrounds.
• Types of Abuse: It includes various forms such as physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect, and exploitation.
• Causes: Contributing factors include poverty, lack of education, gender inequality, cultural norms, and inadequate child protection systems.
• Legislation: The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, focuses on sexual abuse and exploitation of children.
• Challenges: Underreporting due to social stigma, inadequate awareness, and insufficient implementation of laws pose challenges.
• Impact: Child abuse can lead to severe physical and psychological trauma, affecting victims’ development and future well-being.
• NGO and Government Efforts: Various organizations and the government are working to raise awareness, provide support, and strengthen legal frameworks.
• Education and Awareness: Programs are being conducted to educate children, parents, and communities about child rights, abuse prevention, and reporting mechanisms.
• Need for Collective Action: Combating child abuse requires collaboration among government bodies, NGOs, communities, and individuals.

Model question:  Discuss the forms, causes, legal provisions, and challenges related to child abuse in India. How can a combined effort of government, civil society, and individuals contribute to preventing and addressing this issue? (10 Marks)

3. Karnataka govt. calls all-party meet on Cauvery water issue

Topic: GS2 – Interstate River disputes

Context:

• Karnataka government calls for an all-party meeting in response to criticism from the BJP and Janata Dal(S) regarding Cauvery water release to Tamil Nadu.
• Deputy Chief Minister D.K. Shivakumar, responsible for Water Resources, announces the meeting and highlights its focus on inter-State river disputes involving Cauvery and Mahadayi

More about Kaveri River water dispute:

• Interstate Conflict: Involves Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, with Puducherry and Kerala as minor stakeholders.
• Origins: Roots in colonial-era agreements for water sharing.
• Post-Independence Tensions: Population growth and irrigation demands intensified the dispute.
• Tribunals: Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWD) established in 1990 to mediate.
• Allocation: CWD awarded Karnataka 270 TMC, Tamil Nadu 419 TMC, Kerala 30 TMC, Puducherry 7 TMC.
• Contentions: Both states faced non-compliance issues with water releases.
• Political and Social Impact: Protests, political tensions, and violence due to farmers’ dependence on Cauvery water.
• Challenges to reach the solution: Complex issue with historical, economic, and political dimensions.

4. Irrigation in focus as India moves towards driest-ever August

Topic: GS3 – irrigation

Context:

• India facing driest August in a century, with 7% less cumulative monsoon rainfall compared to long period average (LPA).
• Forecast suggests India may receive less than 180 mm rainfall this August, lowest since 1901.
• Kharif crop sowing impacted, pulses sowing down by 10% compared to last year.
• Retail inflation of pulses surged to 13% in July; toor dal’s inflation at 34%.
• Agricultural outcomes closely linked to southwest monsoon; recent RBI paper examines changing dependency and role of improved irrigation.

Some important data:

• Irrigated area:India has an estimated irrigation potential of 139.5 million hectares (mha). As of 2021, about9 mha of land is irrigated, which is about 61% of the total cultivated area.

Sources of irrigation: The main sources of irrigation in India are

• Canals: Canals are the most important source of irrigation in India, accounting for about 58% of the irrigated area.
• Tanks: Tanks are a traditional source of irrigation in India, accounting for about 15% of the irrigated area.
• Wells: Wells are the most rapidly growing source of irrigation in India, accounting for about 27% of the irrigated area.
• Other sources: Other sources of irrigation include rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation.

Benefits of irrigation:

• Increased crop yields: Irrigation can lead to significant increases in crop yields.
• Improved food security: Irrigation can help to improve food security by increasing the availability of food.
• Increased income for farmers: Irrigation can help to increase the income of farmers by enabling them to grow more crops and sell them at higher prices.
• Reduced risk of crop failure: Irrigation can help to reduce the risk of crop failure by providing a reliable source of water during dry periods.

Challenges of irrigation:

• Water scarcity: Water scarcity is a major challenge for irrigation in India.
• Salinity: Salinity is a problem in some irrigated areas, as the water used for irrigation can contain high levels of salt.
• Waterlogging: Waterlogging is a problem in some irrigated areas, as the water used for irrigation can accumulate in the soil and cause plants to drown.
• Environmental impact: Irrigation can have a negative impact on the environment, such as by reducing water availability for other uses and by increasing the risk of water pollution.

Government efforts for promotion of irrigation:

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY):This is a centrally sponsored scheme that aims to provide irrigation facilities to all farmers in the country. It was launched in 2015-16.
• Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP): This is a centrally sponsored scheme that aims to complete the ongoing major and medium irrigation projects in a time-bound manner. It was launched in 1974.
• Watershed Development Programme:This scheme aims to improve the water management in watersheds. Watershed is a land area that is drained by a single river or stream. The scheme provides financial assistance to states and districts for implementing watershed development projects.

5. Payment crisis leads to uncertainty over Russia defence deals

Topic: GS2 – International relations

Context:

• Defence deals, including the S-400 deal, with Russia face uncertainty due to delays caused by the Ukraine conflict.
• S-400 deal, part of a $5.43 billion contract from 2018, has seen three of five regiments delivered, but two remain delayed with unclear revised schedules.
• Payment crisis hampers progress; around $3 billion payments held up, central banks working to resolve this.

Efforts to Resolve Payment Crisis:

• Efforts to resolve the payment crisis include rupee-rouble arrangement, but it has not been successful due to trade imbalance and accumulation of rupees on Russian side.
• Uncertainty in payment schedule affects revised delivery schedule; clarity needed to proceed.

Delayed Delivery of Frigates:

• Two Krivak/Talwar-class stealth frigates for Indian Navy under construction in Russia delayed.
• Delivery now expected by May and October 2024; payment issues affected delivery schedules.

Rupee-Rouble Settlement and Trade Apprehensions:

• India and Russia opt for rupee-rouble settlement due to Russia’s exclusion from global SWIFT system.
• While small payments resumed, larger payments held up; trade expansion hindered due to apprehensions of sanctions.
• Reserve Bank of India urged to address apprehensions; multi-pronged approach needed for resolution.

6. MPs slam short notice for meet on criminal law Bills

Topic: GS2 – Indian polity.

Context:

• Members of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs express protest over the short notice for a meeting.
• The meeting aims to discuss three Bills — Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, and Bharatiya Sakhshya Bill — seeking to reform the Indian criminal justice system.

What is short notice?

• Definition: In the Indian Parliament, “short notice” refers to a request or notice for a discussion or debate on a specific topic that is submitted with limited time before the scheduled session.
• Purpose: It allows Members of Parliament (MPs) to address urgent matters or important issues that have arisen since the last regular session.
• Procedure: An MP can submit a short notice on a subject they want to discuss, usually within a certain timeframe before the session.
• Admissibility: The Speaker or Chairman of the respective House determines whether the submitted short notice is admissible for discussion.
• Criteria: The notice must adhere to specific criteria, such as relevance, urgency, and adherence to the rules of procedure.
• Short notice motions are often controversial, as they can be used to disrupt the smooth running of Parliament.
• In recent years, there has been a trend towards the introduction of more short notice motions in the Parliament.

7. Luna 25, Russia’s first lunar mission in 47 years, crashes into the moon.

Topic: GS3 – Science and technology

Context:

• Russia’s Luna 25 spacecraft crashed into the moon after spinning into an uncontrolled orbit, confirmed by Roscosmos space agency on August 20.

More information about the news:

• The spacecraft aimed to land in the moon’s south pole area, potentially housing frozen water and valuable elements, with an expected landing date of August 21.
• Contact was lost on August 19 due to difficulties and reported “abnormal situation,” leading to an unpredictable orbit and collision with the moon’s surface.
• Russia’s Luna 25 failure highlights the decline in its space power status; lunar south pole of interest due to potential frozen water.
• Only the Soviet Union, the U.S., and China have achieved successful moon landings.
• Luna 25’s failure underscores Russia’s decline since its historic achievements in space.
• Russia faced delays and challenges in previous moon missions and selected Luna 25 in the early 2010s for lunar exploration.

8. RUSSIA’S MOONCRAFT CRASHES, CHANDRAYAAN-3 SET FOR LANDING

Topic: GS3-science and tech

Context:

• Russia’s LUNA-25 has crashed on the Moon’s surface in a disappointing end to its first mission to the lunar surface 47 years after the last landing by the former Soviet Union.
• This leaves India’s Chandrayaan-3 on course to become the first spacecraft to land near the lunar south pole.

Current Scenario:

• The Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module moved into its pre-landing orbit of 25 km x 134 km from the lunar surface, in preparation for its scheduled landing.
• It is from this orbit that the spacecraft will begin its descent around 17:45 IST Wednesday. Touchdown is expected after 15 minutes.
• The Indian Space Research Organization said Chandrayaan3 was functioning normally and getting ready for its scheduled descent Wednesday, at the beginning of the lunar day-time that extends to about 14 days on Earth.
• The module would undergo internal checks and await the sunrise at the designated landing site (on the moon). The powered descent is expected to commence on August 23, 2023, around 1745 hours IST.

India’s Glory:

• India’s pursuit of space exploration reaches a remarkable milestone with the impending Chandrayaan-3 mission, poised to achieve a soft-landing on the lunar surface.
• This achievement marks a significant step forward for Indian science, engineering, technology and industry, symbolizing our nation’s progress in space exploration.
• The soft landing of Chandrayaan-3 is a monumental moment that not only fuels curiosity but also sparks a passion for exploration within the minds of our youth.
• It generates a profound sense of pride and unity as we collectively celebrate the prowess of Indian science and technology.
• It will contribute to fostering an environment of scientific inquiry and innovation.

What went wrong for LUNA-25?

• The Luna-25 was scheduled to make a soft landing on the lunar surface on August 21, two days ahead of the Chandrayaan-3.
• Both were supposed to land in the region around the Moon’s south pole.

But the Russian spacecraft developed problems on Saturday as it tried to move in to a pre-landing orbit.

• According to Russian space agency Roscosmos, ”an emergency situation” had arisen in the spacecraft because of which the orbit-reduction manoeuvre could not be completed. It had also lost contact with the spacecraft ultimately crash-landing on the Moon’s surface.
• According to the results of the preliminary analysis, due to the deviation of the actual parameters of the impulse from the calculated ones, the automatic station switched to an off-design orbit and ceased to exist as a result of a collision with the lunar surface.

Earlier Space explorations by different countries:

• Luna-25 was modern Russia’s first Moon mission. The erstwhile Soviet Union’s last lunar mission was way back in1976, with a successful landing by Luna-24. In fact, that was the last spacecraft to land on the Moon, until China’s Chang’e-3 reached there 37 years later in 2013.
• Chang’e-4 and Chang’e-5 are the only other spacecraft to have landed on the Moon since then. Chang’e 4 touched down in January 2019 and Chang’e-5, a sample return mission, in December2020.
• In the last four years, four countries – India, Israel, Japan and now Russia – have attempted to make a soft-landing on the lunar surface but have not been successful. Each of these spacecraft failed in the final stages, and crash-landed on the Moon.

Way Forward:

• While Chandrayaan-3 could correct that record for India this Wednesday, Japan is also set to make another attempt–its SLIM spacecraft is slated for launch later this month.
• Had Luna-25 succeeded, it would have become the first spacecraft to land near the Moon’s south pole. All other landings so far have happened in the equatorial region.
• WithLuna-25 now out of the way, this feat could belong to Chandrayaan-3. Both these spacecraft were supposed to land around 70 degree south latitude on the Moon.
• It remains to be seen what transpires out of this space exploration mission in the next couple of days.

9. HURRICANE HILARY

Topic: GS1, GS3, important facts for prelims.

Context:

• HURRICANE HILARY was expected to cross over into San Diego county between 3 pm and 6 pm PDT (Pacific Daylight Time) on Sunday (3.30 am and 6.30 am on Monday India time), becoming the first tropical storm to hit Southern California in more than 80 years.
• A public advisory issued by the US National Hurricane stated that the storm was very near to the west coast of Baja California, the long Mexican peninsula bound by the Gulf of California in the east and the North Pacific Ocean in the west, and that “catastrophic and life-threatening flooding” was “likely over Baja California and portions of the south western US through Monday”.

Extremely rare:

• According to the US National Weather Service (NWS), the US is hit by roughly five major hurricanes in an average 3-year period, all of which develop in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean, and strike the east coast between Texas in the south and Maine in the north.
• According to the NWS, a major tropical storm last came ashore in California in 1939 called El Cordonazo, the hurricane resulted in almost 100 deaths on land and at sea.
• According to a 2004 report by the American Meteorological Society, the only other tropical storm with hurricane-force winds to have hit Southern California was in October 1858, with San Diego bearing the brunt.

Why are they rare?

• The primary reason why the Pacific coast seldom sees such tropical storms and hurricanes is the nature of the ocean itself.
• The NWS notes that the first condition for the formation of a hurricane is oceanwater temperaturehigherthan26 degrees Celsius —a threshold below which a hurricane will either not form or will weaken rapidly as it moves.
• In the Atlantic, warm equatorial waters are transported north to higher latitudes by the Gulf Stream. In the Pacific, cold currents steer colder water from the higher latitudes towards equatorial regions.
• Another factor is the vertical wind shear, used to describe the change in wind speed with altitude, especially in the upper levels of the atmosphere. It is an important ingredient in formation of hurricanes as they can extend up to 16 km into the atmosphere.
• Hurricanes can’t emerge if upper-level winds are strong, as they “destroy the storms structure by displacing the warm temperatures above the eye and limiting the vertical accent of air parcels.
• Usually, wind shear over the eastern Pacific is much stronger than over the Gulf of Mexico, causing less frequent hurricanes on the west coast.

Deluge in the desert:

• The near total absence of powerful hurricanes on the west coast means Californians and Mexicans are unused to the impact.
• Hurricane Hilary is expected to dump 1.5-2 inches of rain on the coast, 2-3 inches in the inland valleys, 5-10 inches in the mountains, and 5-7 inches in the desert. American media have compared these numbers with the 0.01 inches of rain that SanDiego receives in August on average.

10. GE MUSTARD

Topic: GS3-science and tech

About Oilseeds

• Oilseeds yield not just oil for cooking and frying. The residual cake left after extraction of oil from the seeds is a protein-rich ingredient used in livestock, poultry and aqua feed.
• India’s most significant domestically grown oilseed is rapeseed-mustard.

Statistics:

• Rapeseed-mustard’s share in the country’s production of vegetable oils has been estimated at 42.6% (more than soyabean’s 19.2%) and in that of meal at 30.3% (next to soyabean’s 38.9%), as per the US Department of Agriculture’s data for the marketing year ending September2023.

Why mustard seeds are less popular among consumers?

1. Mustard seeds have high levels of glucosinolates, a group of sulphur and nitrogen-containing compounds contributing to the characteristic pungency of their oil and meal.
2. While that limits the oil’s acceptability among consumers, the problem is even more with the meal. Rapeseed meal is unpalatable to poultry and pigs, and has to be mixed with fodder grass and water for cattle and buffaloes.
3. Besides reducing their feed intake, high glucosinolates are also known to cause goiter and internal organ abnormalities in livestock.

Canola-quality mustard:

• A lot of effort in the past two decades including by scientists at Delhi University’s Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGMCP) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has gone into the breeding of rapeseed-mustard lines of so called canola quality.
• The dry seeds from the normal mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivated in India contain 120-130 parts per million (ppm or mg/kg) of glucosinolates. This is as against the sub-30 ppm levels in canola seeds.
• By lowering the glucosinolate content to the same dry seed weight concentration, the scientists have bred mustard lines whose oil and meal match the standard of canola-quality rapeseed (Brassica napus) in terms of pungency.
• However, large-scale cultivation of these canola-quality low-glucosinolate mustard lines hasn’t taken place because of their vulnerability to pests and diseases.
• While the lowering of glucosinolate levels in seed is desirable for oil and meal, a concomitant reduction in the whole plant weakens its defence. The protection provided by glucosinolates to the plant should not be compromised.

A gene editing breakthrough.

• The role of novel breeding research comes into picture.
• Glucosinolates are synthesised in the leaves and pod walls of mustard plants. Their translocation and accumulation in the seeds happens through the action of glucosinolate transporter or GTRgenes.
• There are 12 such genes under two distinct classes of GTR1 and GTR2 with six copies each.
• Fellow researchers “edited” 10 out of the 12 GTR genes in ‘Varuna’, a high-yielding Indian mustard variety. For this, they used CRISPR/Cas9, a gene-editing tool deploying an enzyme, which acts as “molecular scissors” to cut the DNA at precise, targeted locations of the gene, and then letting the natural DNA repair process takeover.
• The seeds of the resultant Varuna mustard variety had glucosinolate content well below the 30ppm canola-quality threshold. At the same time, the other plant parts, especially the leaves and pod walls enclosing the seeds, had significantly higher glucosinolate accumulation.
• The GTR-edited low-seed high-leaf glucosinolate lines were tested for resistance against the virulent fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the insect pest Spodoptera litura. The edited lines displayed defence response at par with or better than that of the wild-type mustard. The higher glucosinolate concentration in the leaves and pod walls, due to their impaired transport to the seeds, had a role.

GM versus GE

• The new GTR genes-edited mustard lines are transgene free or non-genetically modified (GM).They contain no foreign genes like those of the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria in cotton or BarBarnase-Barstar (isolated from other soil bacteria) in the GM hybrid mustard (DMH-11) bred by CGMCP scientists.
• GM crops are currently subjected to stringent “environmental release” regulations in India, not just for commercial cultivation but even field trials and seed production. Such release is contingent upon clearance from a special Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). The GEAC’s green signal is itself not binding on the Centre, which gives the final nod.
• On March 30, 2022, an office memorandum from the MoEFCC exempted GE plants “free of exogenous introduced DNA” from the requirement of GEAC approval for open field trials leading to commercial release.

Way forward:

1. India is a huge importer of edible oils. These imports were valued at $20.84 billion (Rs 167,270 crore) during the fiscal year ended March2023, while meeting over 60% of the country’s consumption requirement.
2. Given the foreign exchange outgo on account of imports, there is a dire need to boost domestic oilseeds production through focused breeding for improving crop yields, pest and disease resistance, and product quality.
3. Mustard and soyabean are India’s most widely-cultivated oilseed crops, planted annually on 9 million and 12.5 million hectares area respectively. Its higher average oil extractable content (38% versus 18% for soyabean) makes mustard the bigger “oilseed” crop, while a source of both fat for humans and protein for animals.
4. GM hybrid mustard and the new GE low seed high-leaf glucosinolate lines are major plant breeding advancements from Indian scientists that can go some way towards bringing down the dependence on imported vegetable oils.

11. India, ASEAN decision on review of FTA in goods expected today.
Topic: GS2-IR

Context:

• A decision on a long pending issue of initiating a review of the existing free trade agreement on goods between India and the 10 nation ASEAN bloc may be taken up during a meeting in Indonesia on Monday.
• The issue will come up for discussion and decision during the India-ASEAN economic ministers meeting on Monday. The meeting is being held on the sidelines of the ongoing meeting of the Economic ministers of ASEAN.
• In general, such review exercise includes matters like implementation issues, rules of origin, verification process and release of consignments, customs procedures, further liberalisation of trade in goods and sharing and exchange of trade data.

About ASEAN:

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial states.
• Members of the Asean include Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

India’s Concerns:

• India has asked for the review of the agreement with an aim to eliminate barriers and misuse of the ASEAN India Trade in Goods Agreement, which came into effect on January1,2010.
• Trade experts said that the review demand is there because India’s exports to ASEAN have been affected due to non-reciprocity in FTA concessions, non-tariff barriers, import regulations and quotas.
• Concerns have also been raised about the routing of goods from third countries in India through ASEAN members by taking the duty advantages of the agreement as ASEAN has a much deeper economic engagement with China through the ASEAN China Trade and Goods Agreement.

   

Way forward:

• Trade arrangement has to be reciprocal, mutually beneficial and should balance the aspirations of all the partners.

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