28 March 2024 : Daily Current Affairs

Topic: GS2 – Social Justice – Health

This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains in the context of understanding the trends and progress in tuberculosis (TB) control.

• The India TB Report 2024, released by the Union Health Ministry, indicates a significant improvement in closing the gap between the estimated number and actual cases of tuberculosis (TB).
• This reduction in the number of “missing cases” is crucial as it suggests better detection and treatment, preventing further transmission of the infection.

Prioritising the Needs and Interests of Patients and Communities:

• The needs and the interests of patients and communities must be prioritised within the care paradigm and the health-care system.
• This principle, echoed by survivors, communities, health experts and policymakers, underscores the need for a person-centred approach to TB care and management.
• Following an Individual-Centric Approach:
• The rise of influential advocates among TB survivors who have vigorously pushed for the inclusion of affected communities’ needs in discussions.
• They have advocated for changes in various areas, leading governments to adjust their approaches to meet these community needs.
• For example, there has been some progress in providing nutritional support, albeit limited, which marks a significant advancement.
• Bridge the Gap Between Policy Intent and Ground Realities:
• There is a need to bridge the gap between policy intent and on-the-ground realities. For instance, India needs to prioritise targeted interventions aimed at improving and expanding access to TB diagnosis and treatment.
• TB testing facilities must be expanded, particularly in rural and underserved areas, and ensure the availability of free, affordable and quality-assured TB drugs.
• Molecular testing is the gold standard and less than a quarter of symptomatic patients are getting that as their first test.
• Making TB Care More Humane:
• Efforts are needed to strengthen community-based TB care models, empowering frontline health-care workers to deliver comprehensive care which addresses not just treatment but also social, economic and mental health needs and is closer to where patients live.
• This is important as survivor narratives tell us the stigma, discrimination and mental stress they go through, not to mention the side-effects of treatment.
• Adopting a Multi-Sectoral Approach:
• Addressing the socio-economic determinants of TB requires a multi-sectoral approach. Poverty alleviation, improvement in nutritional status, well-ventilated housing and better air quality will all contribute towards reducing TB.
• By tackling the underlying root causes of TB, India can make significant strides towards eliminating the disease and improving the overall health and well-being of its population.
• Tapping Technology:
• Leveraging technology and innovation holds promise in enhancing TB care efforts in India. The adoption of AI and digital health solutions for TB diagnosis, adherence and surveillance can revolutionise the way TB care is delivered and accessed in the country. By investing in developing better vaccines, we can hope to ultimately eliminate this airborne disease.
• X-ray technology has advanced dramatically. Now, we not only have portable hand-held devices, but also software driven by AI that can read digital X-ray images and detect possible TB with a high degree of certainty.

Topic: GS2 – Governance – Government policies – Interventions for development in various sectors

This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains in the context of understanding the process of setting wage rates for MGNREGA workers provides insights into governance mechanisms and policy implementation in rural development schemes.

• The Centre recently notified new wage rates for unskilled manual workers under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005 for the financial year 2024-2025.
• Notably, these rates are set to become effective from April 1, 2024. The notification, issued by the Ministry of Rural Development under section 6 of MGNREGA 2005, delineates varied increases in wage rates across different states in India.

• MGNREGA is the abbreviation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
• It is a law passed by the Indian government in 2005 that guarantees the “right to work” to rural citizens of India.
• Under this, the government assures a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work to an adult member of an eligible rural household.
• The main objective of the MGNREGA is to provide employment to rural citizens and improve their economic conditions.
• Several organizations and people played key roles in championing the cause of the right to work, especially the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS), renowned development economist Jean Drèze, and many others.
• ·      MKSS’s initial efforts at organizing workers working on government drought relief programmes spearheaded the way for sustained activism that led to the creation of MGNREGA.
• What are the key provisions of MGNREGA?
• Some of the key features of the MGNREGA Act, 2005 include
• Eligibility Criteria: For receiving the benefits of the MGNREGA Scheme, the following eligibility criteria are to be met by the applicant:
• Citizen of India
• 18 years of age at the time of application
• Rural Household
• Willing to do unskilled work
• Guaranteed Employment: The MGNREGA program guarantees 100 days of unskilled employment to all willing rural citizens, at the government-set minimum wage.
• Unemployment Allowance: If work is not assigned within 15 days, the applicant is entitled to receive an unemployment allowance. This allowance is 1/4 of the minimum wage for the first 30 days and a half for the following period.
• Social Audit: A social audit is a powerful tool for social transformation, community participation, and government accountability. Section 17 of the MGNREGA has mandated a social audit of all the works executed under the MGNREGA.
• Preference of employment near residence: The work provided is usually within a 5 km radius of the applicant’s village, with a travel allowance provided for work beyond this radius.
• Decentralized planning: Panchayati Raj Institutions take the lead role in planning, implementing, and monitoring the allocated and executed works. Gram Sabhas are given the authority to suggest work and are required to carry out at least half of the work.
• Implementing agencies are responsible for providing proper working conditions, medical facilities, and compensation.
• Payments are made on a weekly basis and cannot be delayed more than 15 days, with compensation for delays. Complaints can be made and must be addressed within 7 days.

PYQ: Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”? (2011)

(a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households

(b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households

(c) Adult members of households of all backward communities

(d) Adult members of any household

Ans: (d)

Topic: GS2 – International Relations – Effect of policies and politics of developed countries on India’s interests

This topic is relevant for both Prelims and Mains as this analysis delves into the implications of US sanctions on Russian shipping for India’s crude oil trade, highlighting the interconnectedness of nations in the global arena.

• In a significant move, the United States imposed sanctions on Russian shipping major Sovcomflot and its associated tankers, alleging violations of price caps.
• This action, occurring against the backdrop of previous sanctions targeting Russian oil transportation, has led Indian refiners to avoid oil transported by Sovcomflot tankers to mitigate any risk of secondary sanctions.

• Status of Oil Imports: India currently is the 3rd largest consumer of oil behind the US and China. It imports 85% of its oil needs and this dependence is likely to rise as domestic production falls.
• India will overtake China as the biggest driver of global oil demand in 2027. Diesel will be the single largest source of demand growth, accounting for almost half of the rise in the nation’s demand (International Energy Agency).
• Major Oil Suppliers:
• Russia: Russia is currently India’s largest supplier of oil. Russian oil imports to India surged to 1.53 million barrels per day (bpd) in January, 2024.
• India capitalised on discounted Russian offers following Western sanctions on Russia (due to Russia-Ukraine Conflict), displacing traditional suppliers.
• The Urals crude oil grade of Russia has become a cornerstone of India’s energy diversification efforts.
• Iraq: Iraq is the second-largest source of crude supplier to India, with imports reaching 1.19 million bpd in January 2024, the highest since April 2022.
• India’s efforts to diversify oil procurement channels aim to mitigate geopolitical risks and ensure a stable energy supply.
• Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia is India’s third-largest oil supplier and exported approximately 690,172 bpd of crude oil to India in January, 2024 maintaining its position as a key player in India’s energy security landscape.
• UAE: Oil imports from the UAE surged by 81% in January, 2024 reaching around 326,500 bpd.
• Abu Dhabi is India’s fourth-largest supplier of crude oil.

PYQ: The term ‘West Texas Intermediate’, sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (2020)

(a) Crude oil

(b) Bullion

(c) Rare earth elements

(d) Uranium

Ans: (a)

Topic: GS1 – Indian Art and Culture – Art Forms

From the UPSC perspective, this topic highlights cultural reforms, gender inclusivity, and societal controversies in the arts domain.

• Bharatanatyam:
• Origin: Tamil Nadu.
• Features: Intricate footwork, hand gestures (mudras), facial expressions, and elaborate costumes.
• Themes: Often depict stories from Hindu mythology and ancient texts.
• Techniques: Emphasises precise movements, rhythmic patterns, and expressive storytelling.
• Influence: Highly revered for its spiritual and cultural significance.
• Kathak:
• Origin: Northern India.
• Characteristics: Rhythmic footwork, pirouettes (chakkars), storytelling through mime, and vibrant costumes.
• Expressions: Emphasis on facial expressions (abhinaya) to convey emotions and narratives.
• Music: Accompanied by Hindustani classical music.
• Odissi:
• Origin: Odisha.
• Style: Fluid movements, sculpturesque poses, and expressions inspired by temple sculptures.
• Themes: Often draw inspiration from the life of Lord Krishna and stories of Radha.
• Costume: Elaborate traditional attire, including jewellery and makeup.
• Music: Accompanied by Odissi music, characterised by unique rhythms and melodies.
• Kuchipudi:
• Origin: Andhra Pradesh.
• Blend: Combines dance, drama, and music.
• Characteristics: Graceful movements, intricate footwork, and storytelling.
• Themes: Draw from Hindu mythology, folklore, and social themes.
• Performances: Traditionally performed by both male and female dancers.
• Kathakali:
• Origin: Kerala.
• Style: Highly stylized dance-drama.
• Makeup: Elaborate facial makeup (chutti), vibrant costumes, and exaggerated expressions.
• Stories: Often based on epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• Movements: Characterised by powerful, exaggerated gestures and facial expressions.
• Mohiniyattam:
• Origin: Kerala.
• Style: Characterised by gentle swaying movements, subtle expressions, and graceful gestures.
• Theme: Celebrates feminine beauty and grace.
• Music: Accompanied by Carnatic music, often featuring themes of love and devotion.
• Costumes: White or off-white sarees with gold borders, adorned with traditional jewellery.

Topic: GS2 – Social security – Health

The topic is significant for UPSC as it assesses India’s healthcare achievements and challenges, reflecting on public policy effectiveness.

Tuberculosis:

● Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

●  It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body like the kidneys, spine, and brain.

● TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it easily transmissible in crowded or poorly ventilated environments.

● Common symptoms include persistent cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats.

● TB is a major global health concern, with an estimated 10 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths annually.

●Factors contributing to the high TB burden in India include poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, and limited access to healthcare services.

● Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics taken over several months, but drug-resistant TB strains pose a significant challenge to effective treatment.

●Efforts to control TB include early diagnosis, access to quality treatment, public awareness campaigns, and strengthening healthcare systems.

Burden on India:

●  High Burden:  India had the highest number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world in 2022, accounting for 27% of the world’s total cases.  In 2022, an estimated 2.82 million people contracted TB, with a  with a case fatality ratio of 12 per cent. [Indian Express].

● Decreasing Rates: The Union Health Ministry’s India TB report 2024 highlights a 16% reduction in incidence and an 18% decrease in mortality since 2015, exceeding the global average decrease [Press Information Bureau].

Topic: GS3 – Environment

The topic is crucial for UPSC as it evaluates environmental policies, carbon trading, and sustainability challenges in global contexts.

● Carbon credits are tradable permits that represent the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent.

● They are a key component of emissions trading, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

● Carbon credits are typically generated by projects that reduce, avoid, or remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere.

● These projects can include renewable energy installations, reforestation efforts, and energy efficiency initiatives.

●  Once a project is verified to have reduced emissions, it earns carbon credits, which can be sold to organisations or governments to offset their own emissions.

●  Carbon credits play a vital role in incentivizing climate-friendly practices and mitigating climate change.

PYQ: Should the pursuit of carbon credit and the clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth.

(200 words/12.5m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2014)

Practice Question:  Discuss the significance of carbon credits in combating climate change and their role in promoting sustainable development.

(150 Words /10 marks)