1 Dec 2023 : Indian Express
Indian Express
1-December-2023
1) The leader India needs to be
Context:
- Palestinian terrorists led by Hamas launched an invasion of southern Israel from the Gaza Strip on October 7, which resulted in a high death toll among civilians and military action.
- The humanitarian situation was made worse by Israel’s aerial bombardment and ground invasion of Gaza.
Historical Context of the Region:
- The historical context includes the existence of several tribes, the invention of metalworking at an early age, and the creation of city-states by 2500 BCE, which included
- Several empires ruled over the area, resulting in the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah by the eleventh century BCE.
- Judaism became a monotheistic faith as a result of subsequent invasions and the exile in Babylon.
Establishment of Israel:
- The state of Israel was founded in 1948 as a result of the circumstances leading up to the Holocaust, the immigration of large numbers of Jews, and the growth of the Zionist movement.
- Forced migration and the Holocaust produced a complex environment in which Palestinian displacement and the growth of Israeli settlements resulted in recurrent tensions.
Rights of Israelis and Palestinians:
- Given the historical background and the aftermath of the Holocaust, Israel has indisputable rights to the territory.
- But because of their genetic ties to the ancient Canaanites, their Arabization, and their considerable population in the area, Palestinians also enjoy historical rights.
- The 1948 Nakba, which marked the expulsion of the Palestinian people, is still a major tragedy to society.
Complexity and Ongoing Conflict:
- There are other facets to the dispute, including geographical, religious, and historical aspects.
- There hasn’t been a long-lasting solution offered by any of the several suggested options, such as annexation, confederation, or land-for-peace.
- The problem hasn’t been resolved despite recent diplomatic initiatives like the Abraham Accords, which seek to forge relations between Israel and Arab nations.
India’s Historical Stance and Shifting Positions:
- India has always backed the Palestinian cause since it shares their goals.
- But recent changes in India’s stance expressing support for Israel in response to Hamas assaults and altering its voting patterns in UN resolutions have called into doubt the country’s long-standing neutrality.
India’s Role and Recommendations:
- India can be beneficial because of its historical connections to both Israel and Palestine.
- Potential strategies include assisting Palestinians with humanitarian needs, encouraging direct talks, and endorsing nonviolent protests.
- Maintaining India’s credibility in international relations requires balancing strategic aims with tenable ideals.
Conclusion:
- The Israel-Palestine conflict has intricate geopolitical dynamics and a long historical background.
- India should play a role and take a position that is consistent with its historical values, advocating for humanitarian aid, peace, and a fair settlement that upholds the rights and ambitions of both Israelis and Palestinians.
2) Trust and the machine
Context:
- In order to preserve public confidence, the article addresses how crucial it is for elections to appear fair as well as be fair.
- It discusses issues with Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) and Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), bringing up recent accusations in the Madhya Pradesh Assembly elections.
Challenges with EVMs:
- The article highlights the need for elections to be clearly and publicly verifiable in order to earn the full confidence of the public.
- Even if EVMs are effective, questions remain regarding their accuracy and verifiability.
- According to the report, public trust in electronic voting needs to be increased because if EVMs cannot be verified, then regular paper ballots are even less reliable.
Complexity of EVM Verification:
- It talks about how difficult it is to prove that EVMs are correct, pointing to the system’s complexity and testing’s constraints.
- The article claims that source code or embedded software verification is insufficient to ensure the integrity of EVMs.
Software Independence for EVMs:
- To address concerns about tampering, the article advises making the voting protocol software independent.
- The concept of software independence, put out by Ron Rivest, emphasizes that an election’s outcome shouldn’t be impacted by an unnoticed change in hardware or software.
Public Demand for Transparency:
- It criticizes civil society demands, saying they don’t address the fundamental problem of software independence, such as employing standalone EVMs or making source code public.
- The article makes the case that EVMs would not be verifiable even if these requirements were satisfied because they would not be software independent.
VVPATs as a Solution:
- While the article suggests VVPATs as a remedy, it also critiques the current method, claiming it isn’t really voter-verified.
- In order to provide voters agency and guarantee verifiability, it suggests using a voter-approved VVPAT slip prior to casting a ballot.
Risk-Limiting Audits (RLA):
- The article presents a technique for cross-referencing the electronic tally with VVPAT counts called Risk-Limiting Audits (RLA).
- It contends that the requirement currently in place, which calls for inspecting five EVMs per assembly constituency, is unfounded statistically and prioritizes accuracy over efficiency.
Conclusion and Recommendations:
- The Citizens’ Commission on Elections’ suggestions are presented at the end of the article, which also reiterates the significance of credible elections.
- It emphasizes that in order to guarantee the accuracy and integrity of the electoral process, software-independent voting procedures, genuinely voter-verified VVPATs, and RLA are essential.
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