5 July 2023 : Indian Express
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5-July–2023
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1. Xi & Shehbaz listening, PM: Can’t have double standards on terrorism
Syllabus – GS II, GS III
Recent Context – PM Narendra Modi addresses the SCO Summit via video conferencing.
Highlights
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that some countries “use cross-border terrorism as an instrument” of their policies and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) should not hesitate to criticize such nations because there can be “no place for double standards on such serious matters”.
- Delhi has repeatedly pointed out that Islamabad uses terrorist groups as “state policy” instruments, while Beijing has been blocking the listing of Pakistan-based terrorists at the UN Security Council (UNSC).
- Modi also took on Beijing and Islamabad on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), saying while executing connectivity projects, it is essential to “respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity” of member countries of the SCO.
- Iran was inducted as a new member during the SCO summit, and President Ebrahim Raisi attended the virtual summit.
- The theme of India’s SCO presidency, SECURE, was derived from the acronym given by Modi at the 2018 SCO summit in Qingdao.
- Vladimir Putin was among those who attended the virtual summit.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
- It is a permanent intergovernmental international organization of the Eurasian Nations with a secretariat in Beijing.
- It is a political, economic and military organization that aims to maintain the region’s peace, security and stability.
- Shanghai Five emerged in 1996 from border demarcation and demilitarization talks between 4 former USSR republics and China.
- Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, China and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five.
- With the accession of Uzbekistan to the group in 2001, it was renamed SCO.
- The SCO Charter was signed in 2002 and came into force in 2003.
- India and Pakistan both were initially observer states. Both were given full membership in 2017.
- The official languages of SCO are Russian and Chinese.
Structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation:
- Heads of State Council:
- The supreme SCO body decides its internal functioning and interaction with other States & international organizations.
- It also considers contemporary international issues.
- Heads of Government Council:
- It approves the budget and considers and decides upon issues related to economic spheres of interaction within SCO.
- Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs:
- It considers issues related to day-to-day activities.
- Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS):
- It was established to combat terrorism, separatism and extremism.
- SCO Secretariat:
- It is based in Beijing.
- It provides informational, analytical & organizational support.
2. SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES SHOW ‘TIME DILATION’ IN EARLY UNIVERSE
Syllabus – GS III
Recent Context – Scientists made a point anew on Monday in a study that used observations of a ferocious class of black holes called quasars to demonstrate “time dilation” in the early universe, showing how time then passed only about a fifth as quickly as it does today.
About the Observations
- The observations stretch back to about 12.3 billion years ago when the universe was roughly a tenth of its percentage.
- Quasars are one of the brightest objects in the universe — they were used as a “clock” in the study to measure time in the deep past. Quasars are tremendously active supermassive black holes billions of times more massive than our sun, usually residing at centres of galaxies.
- They devour matter drawn to them by their immense gravitational pull and unleash torrents of radiation, including jets of high-energy particles. In contrast, a glowing disk of matter spins around them.
- The researchers used observations involving the brightness of 190 quasars across the universe dating to about 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang event that gave rise to the cosmos.
- They compared the brightness of these quasars at various wavelengths to that of quasars existing today, finding that certain fluctuations that occur in a particular amount of time today did so five times more slowly in the most ancient quasars.
- In his general theory of relativity, Einstein held that time and space are intertwined and that the universe has expanded in all directions since the Big Bang.
- By looking at faraway objects, scientists peer back in time because of how long it takes for light to travel through space.
- Scientists previously documented time dilation dating to roughly 7 billion years ago based on observations of stellar explosions called supernovas.
- Knowing the time it takes for today’s supernovas to brighten and fade, they studied these explosions in the past—those at great distances from Earth — and found that these events unfolded more slowly than from our time perspective.
For Enquiry
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