Given India’s need for the development of infrastructure, several models for infrastructure development have been developed. Types of Investment Models 1. Public Investment Model: The government requires revenue for investment financed through taxes. Properly targeted public investment can do much to Revive the economy during an extended period of weak economic growth. Large pools of…
External debt refer to the Long-term Loans availed by Indian entities, including the government, from non-resident lenders. India generally lacks enough credit in general for the growth of the industry. This is particularly true for even the Corporate sector. Even the government pays a high level of interest on its Sovereign bonds compared to the…
A financial security is a fungible, tradable financial instrument that holds some form of monetary value. It represents an ownership position, creditor relationship, or rights to ownership as specified in a contract. A financial instrument is a set of all such money contracts that can be traded, modified or settled. Financial Securities are a class…
Investment business is done with the expectation of capital appreciation, dividends, and interest earnings. Such investment is critical for the growth of the country as it brings employment and enables the skilling of the workforce. There are several ways through which investment can happen into businesses, that we will learn in this chapter. Direct Investment…
Food security refers to a situation when food is enough, there is no barrier to access to food, all persons have the capacity to buy food, and poverty and hunger are eliminated. UN’s Committee on World Food Security: all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food…
Unemployment refers to the condition of a person who is willing to engage in paid employment, but unable to find any paid employment. Definitions: The unemployment rate is the proportion of the labour force that is not currently employed but could be. The labour force participation rate (LFPR) isthe percentage of a country’s working-age population…
Poverty can be alleviated through two types of approaches: Growth-oriented approach – With growth, income level rises which pulls people out of poverty. Poverty Alleviation programmes. Employment generation programs Food Security programs Direct Benefit Transfer Growth-oriented approach Since the 1990s it has become clear that there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty…
Poverty is an economic condition in which people lack enough financial resources to live a decent standard of life. This is essentially linked to the quality of life which in itself is linked to the deprivation of necessary goods and services which are necessary to maintain a good quality of life. Therefore, income, that enables…
Economies of the world are open in three ways: Consumers/firms have the opportunity to choose b/w domestic & foreign goods. Due to international trade. Investors have opportunities to choose b/w domestic & foreign assets. Constitutes financial market linkages. Factor market linkage: Firms choose where to locate production & workers to work. Labour market linkages have…
We have already understood that Taxation in India is the main way for the government to gain revenue. In this chapter, we will understand India’s taxation system and ways to make it efficient, in a way that promotes growth. India’s tax-to-GDP ratio The Tax-to-GDP ratio measures a country’s total tax revenue as a percentage of…