Battle of Chach or Battle of Chaach , 1008 CE It was fought between the Mahmud of Ghazni and the Hindu Shahi ruler Anandapala, near Hazro (in the Attock district of Punjab Province of Pakistan) in 1008 CE. (Image Source: Wikipedia) It was Mahmud’s sixth raid on India. Anadapala’s army was led by his son,…
How to choose an Optional Subject The Mains part of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination decides the actual rank of a candidate and therefore is the most significant aspect of the examination. Even after clearing UPSC CSE Prelims multiple times, candidates find it difficult to secure a rank. The selection of…
Which optional subject has a higher chance of Success in UPSC Mains? Selection of an optional subject is an investment of valuable time and effort. Like each investment, it should be a good analytical exercise to note the potential returns. Every year, the number of candidates who appear for the written examinations in the Mains…
⦁ Hindu Shahis ruled the western part of the Indian subcontinent, including the Kabul Valley, Gandhara and west Punjab, between 822-1026 CE. (Image Source: Wikipedia) ⦁ Kallar, a Brahmin vizier of the Turk Shahis, founded the Hindu Shahi dynasty. ⦁ Mahmud of Ghazni as a prince and then as the Sultan of Ghazni, led multiple…
Who was Firdausi? Firdausi was a poet of great stature in Persian literature, famous as a philosopher. He was a contemporary of Mahmud of Ghazni. He was born in the Khorasan region of the Samanid Empire (in present-day Iran). What are the works of Firdausi? Shahnameh Firdausi authored the famous work ‘Shahnameh’ (Book of Kings)…
Portuguese in india The Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover a direct maritime route to India and thereby solve the age-old problem of circumventing the Arab Traders. On May 20, 1498, Portuguese merchant Vasco da Gama became the first merchant to arrive in Calicut, an important seaport in South India. Vasco Da Gama in the court of zamorin(picture…
Bhakti Movement in North India The period from 1375 to 1700 is known as the era of Bhakti movement in North India. During this time, many bhakti saints of different beliefs emerged from various parts of India. Some, like Kabir and Baba Guru Nanak, rejected all orthodox religions. Others, such as Tulsidas and Surdas, accepted…
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The Bhakti Movement in India Introduction of Bhakti Movement The Bhakti movement was a medieval religious reform movement that preached direct devotion to God without the mediation of a priest. It aimed to reform society by removing the boundaries of caste, creed and sex between the devotee(bhakta) and God (bhagwan). Bhakti is rooted in the…
Bahmani Kingdom and Deccan Sultanates After the fall of Yadavas and Kakatiyas to the Khaljis and Tughlaqs, several Muslim governorships were established in the region. Mohamed Bin Tughalaq had made an elaborate administrative system for the Deccan region and, in the process, appointed Sada Amir/Amiran-i-sada,e. the chief of hundred villages. They performed both military and…
The Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646) AD Ruins of Vijayanagar, Hampi (Source: Karnataka Tourism website) The Vijayanagara Empire flourished in Southern India, comprising the modern states of Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and some parts of Telangana and Maharashtra. After the weakening of control of the Delhi Sultanate in Southern India, the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate emerged as the dominant power…