27 September 2023 : The Hindu Editorial Notes PDF
The Hindu Editorial
27-September-2023
Daily Current Affairs For UPSC ,The Hindu Editorial Summary
1. With climate change, tackling new disease scenarios
Topic: GS3 – climate change.
Climate Change and rise in infectious diseases:
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that climate change is heightening the global risk of infectious diseases, and this is already being seen in the form of more frequent and severe outbreaks of diseases such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya.
Increasing Risk of Infectious Diseases:
- Warmer temperatures enable disease-carrying vectors to expand into new areas.
- Extreme weather events disrupt disease transmission cycles and create opportunities for pathogens to spread.
- Climate change alters the distribution of plant and animal life, leading to human-animal interactions.
Zoonotic Risks and Disease Spectrum:
- Climate change heightens the risk of zoonotic diseases, which can transfer from animals to humans.
- Zoonotic diseases account for many emerging infectious diseases, and climate change creates opportunities for their spread.
- For instance, the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, India, in 2018 may have been caused by climate-induced bat displacement.
Challenges in Controlling Infectious Diseases:
- Climate change hampers efforts to control existing infectious diseases.
- Mosquitoes develop resistance to insecticides, and malaria parasites become drug-resistant, leading to more deaths.
- Strengthening public health systems and investing in research are crucial to address these challenges.
The One Health Approach:
- The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, plant, and environmental health.
- The One Health approach is a holistic approach to human and animal health that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, plant, and environmental health.
- One of the key components of the One Health approach is strengthening surveillance and reporting systems. This includes developing systems for tracking the spread of diseases in both humans and animals, as well as systems for reporting disease outbreaks to public health authorities.
Specific examples of how climate change is impacting infectious diseases:
- Dengue:
- Mosquito-borne disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito.
- Climate change expands Aedes aegypti’s range and intensifies dengue outbreaks.
- Malaria:
- Mosquito-borne disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquito.
- Climate change expands Anopheles mosquito’s range and increases malaria frequency and severity.
- Chikungunya:
- Mosquito-borne disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito.
- Climate change expands Aedes aegypti’s range and escalates chikungunya outbreaks.
- Nipah Virus:
- Zoonotic virus transmitted from bats to humans.
- Climate change contributes to Nipah virus spread by displacing bats from their habitat.
What can be done to reduce the risk of climate change-induced infectious diseases?
- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
- Strengthen public health systems to improve the ability to detect and respond to disease outbreaks.
- Invest in research on climate change and infectious diseases to better understand the risks and develop new ways to protect ourselves.
Conclusion:
Climate change is a major threat to human health, and one of its most significant impacts is on the spread of infectious diseases. The One Health approach is a holistic approach to human and animal health that is essential for addressing the complex challenges posed by climate change and infectious diseases.
Mains question: Critically examine the role of climate change in exacerbating the spread of infectious diseases, and discuss the key measures that can be taken to mitigate this risk.
2. Karnataka’s monumental challenge
Topic: GS1 – Indian art and culture
What is this article about:
- Hoysala temples at Belur, Halebid, and Somanathapur in Karnataka declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites, highlighting rich architectural and cultural heritage.
- Karnataka houses 609 monuments protected by ASI and 848 monuments under the State’s Department of Archaeology Museums and Heritage (DAMH).
- About 20,000 historically significant temples and sites are managed by the Muzurai or Endowment Department, but many monuments lack legal protection.
- In the light of this article, it is important from exam perspective to understand the conservation challenges of heritage sites in India.
Conservation Challenges:
- Inadequate Documentation: Lack of comprehensive documentation and inventory of heritage sites hampers preservation efforts.
- Developmental Pressures: Encroachment and urbanization pose threats to heritage sites as cities expand.
- Neglect and Deterioration: Many heritage sites suffer from neglect, lack of maintenance, and natural deterioration.
- Lack of Legal Protection: Some monuments and sites lack legal protection, making them vulnerable to encroachments and destruction.
- Funding Shortages: Insufficient budget allocation for conservation and maintenance limits restoration efforts.
- Resource Constraints: A shortage of skilled personnel and experts in heritage conservation is a persistent challenge.
- Conflict Zones: Heritage sites in conflict zones face additional challenges due to insecurity and damage during conflicts.
- Technological Gaps: Insufficient use of advanced technologies in conservation and maintenance.
- Climate Change Impact: Climate change-related factors, such as floods and erosion, threaten the structural integrity of heritage sites.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive Documentation: Prioritize documenting all heritage sites to create a comprehensive inventory for better conservation planning.
- Legal Framework Strengthening: Enforce stronger legal protections for heritage sites and establish penalties for encroachments and damage.
- Increased Funding: Allocate more budgetary resources for conservation and restoration efforts.
- Skill Development: Invest in training and capacity-building programs to develop a skilled workforce for heritage conservation.
- Community Engagement: Involve local communities in heritage site conservation, making them stakeholders in the process.
- Climate Adaptation: Develop climate adaptation strategies to protect heritage sites from climate change impacts.
- Technology Integration: Incorporate advanced technologies like 3D scanning and digital modeling for site preservation and maintenance.
- International Collaboration: Collaborate with international organizations and experts for best practices in heritage conservation.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Promote public-private partnerships for conservation projects, attracting private sector funding and expertise.
- Diverse Conservation Approaches: Tailor conservation strategies for different types of heritage sites, considering their unique characteristics and needs.
Mains question: What are the key conservation challenges faced by heritage sites in India, and how can these challenges be addressed effectively to ensure the preservation of our cultural heritage?
Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/karnatakas-monumental-challenge/article67348985.ece
3. Identity pangs: On Aadhaar and concerns.
Topic: GS2 – Indian Government initiatives
Context:
- Moody’s Investors Service has raised concerns about India’s Aadhaar program in its report on “Decentralized Finance and Digital Assets.”
Moody’s Report on Aadhaar and Digital ID Systems:
- The report highlights security and privacy risks associated with centralized digital ID systems like Aadhaar, where a single entity controls identifying credentials.
- Moody’s suggests that decentralized ID systems that give users more control over their data may be a better approach.
- The report questions the reliability of Aadhaar’s biometric-based authentication systems, especially in challenging conditions like hot and humid climates, which can result in service denials.
- Despite the success of Aadhaar in enabling direct benefit transfers and reducing fraud, there have been instances of exclusion from essential services due to the lack of Aadhaar or difficulties faced by individuals in confirming their biometrics.
- A Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) audit of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) had previously highlighted lapses in privacy and data security, along with flaws in enrolment processes.
Conclusion:
- The government is urged to conduct an honest review of the Aadhaar program and consider course corrections before further expanding its linkages, including for electoral rolls, private entities, or MGNREGA payments.
Mains question: Discuss the security and privacy concerns associated with Aadhaar and explore potential measures to enhance its effectiveness as a digital identification program.
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